Bio 392: Study Guide for Final
Exam Format: 193 questions - matching, multiple choice, AND diagrams.
Chapters Covered:
Chapter 10.1-10.3 – Cell Growth and Division
Chapter 11.1-11.4 – Introduction to Genetics
Chapter 14.1 and 14.2 – Pedigrees and Human Genetics
Chapter 12.1-12.4 – DNA and RNA
Chapter 15.1-15.3 – Darwin’s Theory of Evolution
Chapter 16.1-16.3 – Evolution of Populations
Chapter 17.1, 17.2, 17.4 – The History of Life
Chapter 18.1-18.3 - Classification
Chapter 37.1-37.3 – Circulatory and Respiratory Systems
What to Study: Look over notes that we focused on in class, diagram worksheets,
study guides, and old quizzes/tests
How to Study: Spend a little time every night NOW! Make flash cards for the vocabulary words listed, form study groups, review the key concepts found below
Vocabulary: The vocabulary words below will show up in the test somehow – could be part of
a separate vocabulary matching section or they could be used in some of the
multiple choice questions. You should be familiar with each of the words
regardless.
Genetics Problems: Make sure you know how to solve for each of the types of genetics
problems (monohybrid, dihybrid, inc.dominance, codominance, sex-
linked)
Diagrams: Cell cycle, Mitosis, Chromosome, DNA molecule,
The Heart, The Respiratory System
Chapter 10: Cell Growth and Division
· Vocabulary: cell division, mitosis, cytokinesis, chromatin, sister chromatids, chromosome, interphase, G1 phase, S phase, G2 phase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, spindle fibers, centrioles, cell plate
· Know or be able to:
o Why cells must replicate DNA and divide
o Compare surface area to volume
o The steps of the cell cycle- what happens during each phase
o The steps of mitosis- what is happening with the chromosomes in each
o Process of cytokinesis
o Differences between cell division in plant and animal cells
Chapter 11: Introduction to Genetics
· Vocabulary: genetics, fertilization, true-breeding, trait, hybrid, gene, allele, segregation, gamete, probability, Punnett square, homozygous, heterozygous, phenotype, genotype, independent assortment, incomplete dominance, codominance, multiple alleles, polygenic traits, homologous, diploid, haploid, meiosis, tetrad, crossing-over, gene map
· Know or be able to:
o Explain what was learned from Mendel’s work with pea plants
o Determine the probability of a particular event(s) occurring
§ Don’t forget the “And” rule (multiplication)
o Distinguish among the terms homozygous recessive, homozygous dominant, heterozygous, true-breeding, and hybrid
§ Be able to provide genotypes based on being given these terms
o Distinguish among genotype and phenotype
o Perform genetic crosses and determine probabilities using Punnett squares
§ Be able to do problems involving normal dominance, two-traits, incomplete dominance, codominance, blood types, and sex-linked traits
o Identify and explain Mendel’s 4 main principles (refer to p. 272 in textbook)
o Distinguish among normal dominance, codominance, incomplete dominance, multiple alleles, and polygenic traits
§ Be able to identify examples of each
o Explain the importance of meiosis
o Describe what happens during each phase of meiosis I and meiosis II
· Focus on what happens to the chromosomes
· Know when tetrad formation and crossing-over occurs
o Distinguish among the type and number of gametes formed in males vs. in females
§ Know how many sperm, eggs, and polar bodies are formed from one meiosis division
o Compare and contrast mitosis and meiosis
§ How many divisions
§ How many cells produced (Are the cells formed genetically identical or different?)
§ What types of cells undergo each process
§ What is the purpose of each type of division
o Explain what it means for genes to be linked
o Explain what a gene map is
§ Explain how the frequencies of crossing-over between genes can be used to create gene maps
Chapter 14-1 and 14-2: The Human Genome
· Vocabulary: sex chromosome, autosome, pedigree, sex-linked gene
· Know or be able to:
o Identify the types of human chromosomes
§ Autosomes vs. sex chromosomes (how many total chromosomes in humans?)
o Explain how sex is determined (male vs. female)
o Explain how pedigrees are used to study human traits
§ If given a pedigree, be able to provide information about it by analyzing it
Chapter 12: DNA and RNA
· Vocabulary: Nucleotide, base pairing, chromatin, histone, replication, DNA polymerase, gene, messenger RNA, ribosomal RNA, transfer RNA, transcription, RNA polymerase, promoter, intron, exon, codon, translation, anticodon
· Know or be able to:
o Know the components and structure of DNA
§ What makes up the sides (backbone) of the DNA ladder
§ What makes up the rungs of the DNA ladder
o Identify the three parts of a nucleotide
o Identify which bases are pyrimidines and which bases are purines
o Know the following individuals and their contributions to the discovery of DNA as genetic material: Erwin Chargaff, Rosalind Franklin, James Watson, and Francis Crick
o Describe how DNA coils into a chromosome shape
§ histones, nucleosomes, coils, supercoils, chromatin, chromosomes
o Understand how DNA is replicated
o Identify what enzymes are involved and explain their functions
o Explain why it is called semi-conservative replication based on the resulting DNA molecules formed
o Distinguish between DNA and RNA in terms of structure and function
o Identify the three types of RNA and explain their functions
o Describe the process of transcription
§ Know what you start with and what you end with
§ Know the role of promoters and mRNA in the process
§ Know what enzyme is involved and what its function is
o Describe the process of RNA editing
§ Distinguish between introns and exons
o Describe the process of translation
§ Know what you start with and what you end with
§ Know the roles of mRNA and tRNA in this process
o Know what codons and anticodons are and how they are involved in the process
o Explain how a protein is assembled based on the DNA code
§ Know that 3 letters = 1 codon = 1 amino acid
o Given sequences, know how to transcribe and replicate another sequence
o Types of mutations
§ Know Chromosomal (whole genes) vs. point mutations (nucleotides)
Chapter 15: Darwin’s Theory of Evolution
· Vocabulary: evolution, theory, fossil, Law of superposition, natural selection, artificial selection, acquired characteristics, fitness, adaptation, struggle for existence, survival of the fittest, descent with modification, common descent, homologous structures, analogous structures, vestigial structures, gradualism
· Know or be able to:
o Charles Darwin’s contribution to science
o Darwin’s observations on the Voyage of the Beagle
o Ideas that shaped Darwin’s Thinking
§ James Hutton: Gradualism
§ Charles Lyell
§ Thomas Malthus
§ Jean Baptiste de Lamarck
§ Theory of evolution (2 parts)
o Be familiar with natural selection and the factors that come into play.
o Be familiar with four types of evidence for evolution: fossil record, anatomy, embryology, and biochemistry
Chapter 16: Evolution of Populations
· Vocabulary: gene pool, relative frequency, single-gene trait, polygenic trait, directional selection, stabilizing selection, disruptive selection, genetic drift, founder effect, Hardy-Weinberg principle, genetic equilibrium, speciation, reproductive isolation, behavioral isolation, geographic isolation, temporal isolation
· Know or be able to:
o Gene pools and the graphs of a single gene trait vs. a polygenic trait
o Figuring out relative frequency and using it to determine if evolution is occurring
o Different types of selections and their graphs: directional, stabilizing, disruptive
o Different types of reproductive isolations (behavioral, geographic, temporal, and speciation)
Chapter 17: Evolution of Populations
· Vocabulary: coevolution, gradualism, punctuated equilibrium, radioactive dating, relative dating, index fossil, paleontology, extinction, adaptive radiation, convergent evolution
· Know or be able to:
o How fossils can be formed and used to determine age
o Organization of the fossil record and time into eras and periods (geologic time scale)
o Relative dating verses radioactive dating
o Understand the primitive earth’s atmosphere and how it related to Miller-Urey’s experiment
o The path of life’s progression from protenoid microsphere to current day
o Different patterns of evolution that have developed over time
Chapter 18: Evolution of Populations
· Vocabulary: taxonomy, phylogeny, dichotomous key, binomial nomenclature
· Know or be able to:
o The organization of life into domains and kingdoms
o The 8 taxa and how they related to each other
o What names are used in the binomial nomenclature
Chapter 37: Circulatory and Respiratory Systems
· Vocabulary: myocardium, atrium, ventricle, pulmonary circulation, systemic circulation, valve, pacemaker, aorta, artery, capillary, vein, atherosclerosis, plasma, hemoglobin, lymphocyte, platelet, lymph, pharynx, trachea, larynx, bronchus, alveolus, diaphragm, nicotine, emphysema
· Know or be able to:
o Explain why unicellular organisms do not have a circulatory system and large, multicellular organisms do have a circulatory system
· Know that unicellular organisms just use diffusion to transport materials
o Distinguish between an open circulatory system and a closed circulatory system
o Identify the three main parts of the circulatory system
o Distinguish between pulmonary circulation and systemic circulation
o Distinguish between the right side and left side of the heart
· Know which carries oxygenated blood and which carries deoxygenated blood
o Identify the locations and functions of the various parts of the heart
· *Refer to Fig 37-3 on p.945 in your textbook*
o Identify the location and function of the pacemaker (SA node)
o Distinguish among arteries, capillaries, and veins in terms of their structures and functions
o Explain what blood pressure is and how it is measured
· Distinguish between diastole and systole
o Identify the different functions of blood
o Identify the components of blood
o Plasma and blood cells
o Distinguish among each type of blood cell according to its structure and function
o Red blood cells (erythrocytes), white blood cells (leukocytes), platelets
o Explain how blood types work in terms of antigens and antibodies
o Explain why certain blood transfusions cannot occur
o Identify the function of the lymphatic system and its main structures
o Identify the locations and functions of the various parts of the respiratory system
o *Refer to Fig. 37-13 on p. 957 in you textbook*
o Explain how breathing works
o Driving force = air pressure
o Explain how breathing is controlled
o Explain how the medulla oblongata knows when it is time to breathe
o Know that smoking can cause bronchitis, emphysema, and lung cancer
o Describe what these diseases are