Bio 305 Spring 2018 Test #3
Chapter 6- Integument (237-238)
Chromatophore anatomy, dispersion and concentration of pigments within vesicle
How does position of chromatophores in the integument differ among the vertebrates?
Physiological color change: Why is this phenomenon limited to fish and amphibians? What is the hormonal process that produces darkening?
ratio of albedo vs direct light on retina, MSH,…
Chapter 7- Cranial Anatomy (241-255, 259-268, Figs 7.40 and 7.43)
What skull features can be used in constructing the vertebrate phylogeny?
Jaw/no jaw, Jaw suspension, Jaw fenestration
Evolution of jaws from gill arches and gill arch elements
Dorsal element- palatoquadrate; Ventral element- Meckel’s cartilage/mandible
Jaw suspension as a phylogenetic character
Autostylic (placoderms and acanthodians); Amphistylic (chondricthyes and primitive bony fish); Hyostylic (most bony fish); Secondary Autostyly (sarcopterygians, tetrapods)
Repositioning of palatoquadrate and mandibular cartilage into inner ear
Cranial Kinesis (pages 253--255, Fig 7.12, 7.26, 7.40)
What is the function of kinesis in fish, reptiles, and birds?
What sort of kinesis is found in most mammals? How about Lagomorpha?
What is the functional significance of having or not having a kinetic skull?
Cranial Fenestration: anapsid, synapsid, diapsid
What is the functional significance of skull fenestration?
Skull fenestration as a phylogenetic character
What does this character tell us about the taxonomic status of birds?
Chapter 8: Axial Skeleton (pages 294-299, 304-318, Fig 8.41)
Evolutionary origins of the spine (correlations with locomotion and evolutionary trends)
Articulations-Amphicoelous, Acoelous, Procoelous/Opisthocoelous, Heterocoelous
Which organisms have these shapes? How do shapes contribute to strength/flexibility?
Phylogenetic Overview
Chondrichthyes and Osteichthyes- Tail anatomy as phylogenetic character
Heterocercal, abbreviated heterocercal, homocercal, diphycercal,
Tetrapods- integration of vertebrae and ribs with lungs Urostyle, zygapophyses, synsacrum, sacrum, atlas
Fused vertebrae in birds (synsacrum), articulated ribs/uncinate processes
Amphibians- transition combination of traits
Reptiles- what advancements over amphibians?
Birds- axial skeleton and ventilation
Why is spine anatomy NOT a good phylogenetic character for vertebrates?
Examples of convergence- marine mammals and fish
Why always 7 cervical vertebrae in mammals? Pleiotropic constraints
Chapter 13- Teeth (pages 506-516, Fig 13.41)
Significance of tooth shape, placement, growth, replacement, and occlusion (499-509)
Homodonty- How are diet type, positioning, occlusion, and polyphyodonty all related to the condition of homodonty?
Heterodonty- How are diet type, positioning, occlusion, and diphyodonty all related to the condition of heterodonty?
Variation in surface shape and occlusion
molars and pre-molars, carnassial apparatus, wear patterns,…
Special variations- shark, elephant, tusks,…