BIO 212 Lab Practical Two Study Guide

You will be held responsible for anything and everything in laboratory exercises 29 thru 32 for your second practicum. This is a checklist to make sure you’ve understood all of the points! You need to be able to identify organisms by both common and scientific names, understand their classification, and know their Pylum and class when indicated.

Any critters that we dissected or spent time observing will be the primary focus of the exam.

 Understand how animals are classified, according to their anatomy

 germ layers

 symmetry

 coelom

 segmentation

etc.

 Know distinguishing characteristics of animals

Phylum Porifera (Sponges)

What is a spicule? how does it help with classification?

Anatomy of Sponges: Study the illustrations!

 Epidermal cells

 Collar cells (choanocytes)~ flagellum, collar, collar cell

 Amoebocytes (amoeboid cells)

 Osculum

 Pore

Phylum Cnidaria (Cnidarians)

Look at, and be able to identify representative species of Classes:

Anthozoa (Sea Anemone, Coral)

Hydrozoa (Portugese man-of-war)

Scyphozoa (Jellyfish).

Life Cycle of Cnidarians: Polyp to Medusa Study the illustrations!

Be able to name and explain the purpose of the medusa stage and the polyp stage in Hydra.

Anatomical classification of Cnidarians:

1. Tissue level of organization?

2. Symmetry and body plan?

3. Gastrovascular cavity

4. Nerve net

5. Stinging cells (cnidocytes & nematocyts)

Obelia: (class Hydrozoa):living and prepared slides:

Polyp colony: feeding polyp; reproductive polyp

Medusa: sexual reproduction

Phylum Ctenophora (ctenophores)

Distinguishing characteristics of representative ctenophores

Phylum Platyhelminthes (Flatworms) ~ Planarian

Know Planarian anatomy

 you should be able to see on the anterior head, eye spots and auricles

whole mount slide

review structures previously noted in the living specimen, and observe the gastrovascular cavity

Planarian cross section

cross section slide

observe the epidermis, gastrodermis, circular muscle, ventral nerve cord, pharynx.

Flatworm diversity:

Recognize the diversity of preserved flatworm specimens on display, including

Flukes and Tapeworms

Taenia (dog & cat tapeworms),

Fasciola hepatica (sheep liver fluke);

Dinofilaria immitis (heart worm)

Phylum Nematoda (Roundworms) ~

Ascaris lumbricoides (parasitic roundworms)

preserved Ascaris, male and female:

 study to determine characteristic features of roundworms

(identify male vs. female!) Study photos and illustrations

Vinger Eels

know classification (identification and phylum)

Phylum rotifera (Rotifers)

Study the illustration

 corona

 mouth

 eyespot

 stomach

 intestine

 foot

 toe

PHYLUM MOLLUSCA (The Molluscs)

Molluscan diversity:

 Be able to recognize these organisms by common name and Scientific Classes! What distinguishing characteristics do each of them have?

Class Polyplacophora: chitons

Class Gastropoda: snails, conchs, whelks, nudibranchs

Class Bivalvia: clams, mussels, scallops, oysters

Class Cephalopoda: octopi, squid

Anatomy of a clam Venus mercenaria

Knowall structures and functions on diagrams and from sketches of preserved clam:

Know the following structures on a dissected organism:

External Anatomy:

 hinge ligament

 umbo

directional terms: anterior, posterior, dorsal, ventral

Internal Anatomy:

 mantle

 anterior & posterior adductor muscles

 gills

 incurrent & excurrent siphons (if visible)

stomach; digestive gland; (intestines); gonads

 To what class does the clam belong?

Anatomy of a squid

Know all structures on a diagram, preserved, on adissected specimen

 tentacles arms

 suckers eye

 funnel anus

 ink sac liver

 gill kidneys

 heart stomach

 gonad cecum

 mantle pen

 fin

23.2 PHYLUM Annelida (The Annelids) know the distinguishing characteristics!

Annelid diversity:

observe a diversity of preserved annelid specimens on display and from pictures. Be able to recognize these organisms by common name and scientific Class:

Class Polychaeta: clam worms, fan worms (feather duster worms)

Class Hirudinea: leeches

Class Oligochaeta: earthworms

Anatomy of an earthworm

Understand locomotion of an earthworm

Know all structureson diagrams and approximate segment number(s) / regions where they are located.

Know the following structures on a dissected organism:

External Anatomy:

 ventral vs. dorsal sides; anterior vs. posterior sides

 setae

 clitellum

 mouth

 anus

Internal Anatomy:

 septa

 brain

 hearts

 mouth

 pharynx

 esophagus

 crop

 gizzard

 intestine

 hearts

 seminal vesicles

 seminal receptacles

 nephridium

 dorsal blood vessel

 To what class does this earthworm belong?

MICROSCOPE 1. Earthworm cross section

Earthworm cross section (know all structures on diagrams)

Observe cross section slide and know the following structures:

epidermis;

dorsal blood vessel;

coelom;

nephridium;

setae;

ventral nerve cord;

circular muscle;

longitudinal muscle;

typhlosole

PHYLUM ARTHROPODA (The Arthropods = jointed legs)

Arthropod diversity:

observe a diversity of preserved arthropod specimens on display and from pictures. Be able to recognize these organisms by common name and Scientific Classes:

Class Diplopoda: millipedes

Class Chilopodacentipedes

Class Archnida: spiders, scorpions, ticks

Class Merostomata: horseshoe crabs

Class Malacostraca: crabs, shrimp, lobsters, crayfish

Class Maxillopoda: barnacles

Class Insecta: insects

Anatomy of a crayfish

Know all structures found on diagrams.

Know the following structures on a dissected organism:

External Anatomy:

exoskeleton (carapace)

head including:

 antenna

 compound eye

 mouth

thorax including:

 claw

 second, third, fourth, fifth walking legs

abdomen including:

 swimmerets

 uropods

 telson

(head and thorax, together are referred to as the “cephalothorax”)

Internal Anatomy:

 gills

 stomach

 digestive gland

 To what class does this crayfish belong?

Anatomy of a grasshopper

Know all structureson lab diagrams and from your sketches. Know the following structures on a dissected organism:

External Anatomy:

Exoskeleton (carapace)

Head including:

 antenna

 compound eye

 palps

 ocelli

 mouth

Anatomy of a grasshopper continued

Thorax (which is actually 3 fused segments) including:

 forewing and hindwing

tympanum (function?)

Abdomen including:

 spiracles

 ovipositors (if female)

 hind legs

Study figure on grasshopper genitalia~

 what is the difference between male and female?

Internal Anatomy:

 gastric caeca

 stomach

 Malpighian tubules

*Tracheal tubes – what is their function?

 To what class does the grasshopper belong?

Insect Metamorphosis.

Know the difference between complete and incomplete metamorphosis, and understand the relevance. How is having a different food source and habitat for juveniles and adults beneficial?

PHYLUM ECHINODERMATA (The Echinoderms)

Echinoderm diversity:

 Be able to recognize these organisms by their common name and scientific classes (important!!)

 Brittle Stars

 Sea Urchin

 Sand Dollar

 Sea Cucumber

 Sea Star (starfish)

Anatomy of a starfish

Class Asteroidea

Genus: Asterias

Know all structures of on a diagram

Know the following structures on a dissected organism:

 aboral vs. oral side

 arm

 eyespot

 tube feet & ampullae

ring and radial canals

 digestive glands

 gonads

stomach

 sieve plate + stone canal = madreporite

Phylum Chordata & the Vertebrate Coelomates (deuterostomes)

PHYLUM CHORDATA (The Chordates)

Subphylum Urochordata: tunicates

recognize a tunicate

Subphylum Cephalochordata:lancelets

recognize a lancelet & know the chordatye cvharcteristics it retains as an adult.

Subphylum Vertebrata:

Vertebrate diversity:

Be able to recognize these organisms by phylum, subphylum, and class.

Class Chondrichthyes: marine cartilagenous fishes: sharks, skates, rays

Class Osteichthyes: marine and freshwater bony fishes: perch, etc, eels, sea horse

Class Amphibia: salamanders, newts, frogs and toads

Class Reptilia: snakes, lizards, turtles and tortoises

Class Aves: birds, (including penguins!)

Class Mammalia: animals with hair, mammary glands

Class Reptilia - Anatomy of a frog

Know all structures on diagrams

Know the following structures on a dissected organism:

External Anatomy:

 external naris

 eyes

 tympanum

 foot

 forelimb

 hindlimb

  • nares

mouth cavity:

 vomerine teeth

 maxillary teeth

 tongue

 lower jaw

 internal nares

 auditory (eustachian tubes)

Internal Anatomy:

know all structures listed on diagrams, photos, and your sketches.

Do NOT focus on specific muscles or bones.

Frog Internal Anatomy (Arterial System)


NOTE: a frog has sack –like lungs and only a 3-chamber heart.

Check out: for good images!

COMPARATIVE VERTEBRATE ANATOMY:

Class Osteichthyes: OPTIONAL/OBSERVED DISSECTION 2. Anatomy of a perch

know all structureson diagrams

know: all fins, air bladder, liver, stomach, gonad on dissected perch

Class Aves: Anatomy of a pigeon

 know all structuresshown on dissected specimen in lab (crop, gizzard, stomach, 4-chambered heart, lungs, liver, etc). Know their functions and locations. Use Google when needed.

Class Mammalia: Anatomyof a pig

know the following structures

trachea

right and left atrium, ventricles = heart

lungs

diaphragm

liver

stomach

pancreas

small & large intestine

kidneys

urinary bladder

umbilical cord

Draw comparisons between dissected specimens of

the fish, frog, pigeon, and pig.

Compare & contrast the structures involved in:

  • Cardiovascular system
  • Digestion
  • Respiration
  • Reproduction
  • Excretion
  • etc

Differences for surviving in aquatic, semi-aquatic, and terrestrial environments:

  • Buoyancy: Locomotion & support
  • Reproduction
  • Desiccation & osmoregulation
  • Respiration & Circulation
  • etc

These are the main concepts, specimens, structures, etc. but anything may be used from the labs. This is just a guide for the most crucial aspects. Review and study everything!!