Big Idea Study Guide 3B Living Systems Store Info
Directions: Answer the questions below to aid you in your study of the Big Idea 3B test.
•Essential Knowledge 3A3: The chromosomal basis of inheritance provides an understanding of the pattern of passage of genes from parent to offspring.
1) What is the difference between a gene and an allele?
2) What are Mendel’s two very important laws that he discovered while working with pea plants? Describe these laws.
3) Compare genotype to phenotype.
4) What are some predicited ratios from Punnett Squares that you should know (for both monohybrid and dihybrid crosses)?
•EK 3A4: The inheritance pattern of many traits cannot be explained by simple Mendelian genetics.
5) What is the difference between codominance and incomplete dominance?
6) How do the phenomena mentioned above violate Mendel’s rules?
7) What is a polygenic trait? Give an example.
8) What is gene linkage? Why might this upset predicted outcomes with the Punnett squares?
9) What is a sex-linked gene? How does one inherit a sex-linked gene? Give two examples of sex-linked genes.
10) Looking at data or a pedigree, how can you tell the presence of a sex-linked gene in your population?
11) Where do you inherit your mitochondria from? (Note: this is not a joke )
12) You crossed two heterozygote corn plants (PpSs x PpSs) that are purple and smooth. Yellow and shrunken are the recessive characteristics. Your data is charted below (out of 325 total):
Traits / Observed / Expected / O-E / (O-E)2 / (O-E)2/EPurple and Smooth / 200
Purple and Shrunken / 50
Yellow and Smooth / 50
Yellow and shrunken / 25
Degrees of Freedom = ______Chi Square Sum Σ= ______
Accept or Reject Null Hypothesis: ______
Perform a Chi-square test to accept of reject your null hypothesis. Round your answer to the nearest tenth.
•EK 3B1: Gene regulation results in differential gene expression, leading to cell specialization.
15) What makes cells in our body different, even though they contain the same DNA??
16) Describe the components of an operon. What is each component’s function?
17) Eukaryotes do not have operons. We do have transcription factors to regulate gene expression. Describe what these are.
•EK 3B2: A variety of intercellular and intracellular signal transmissions mediate gene expression
18) How do Hox genes and cytokines regulate gene expression?
•EK 3.C.1: Changes in genotype can result in changes inphenotype.
19) What is the difference between a point mutation and a chromosomal mutation?
20) Why are framshift point mutations worse than substitution point mutations?
21) How does one change in a nucleotide have the ability to completely change phenotypes in individuals? Give an example.
•EK 3.C.2: Biological systems have multiple processesthat increase genetic variation.
22) Why are mutations beneficial in terms of genetic variation?
•EK 3C3: Viral replication results in genetic variation and viral infection can introduce genetic variation into the hosts.
23) What is the basic structure of a virus?
24) How can a viral infection lead to genetic variation in the host cell?
•EK 3D1: Cell communication processes share common features that reflect evolutionary history.
25) What are the basic steps of cell communication that are shared in evolutionary history?
•EK 3D2: Cells communicate with each other through direct contact with other cells or from a distance via chemical signaling.
26) Describe a simple signal transduction pathway involving chemical signaling.
•EK 3D3: Signal transduction pathways link signal reception with cellular response.
27) What is usual the end result of a signal transduction pathway?
•EK 3D4: Changes in signal transduction pathways can alter cellular responses.
28) Why would a mutation lead to a change in a signal transduction pathway?
The Nervous System
29) What are the basic components of a neuron? What is the direction of the electric signal?
30) What are the three types of neurons? How do they differ?
31) Describe how an electrical signal gets passed through the neuron…use the words resting potential, action potential, and repolarization. Also, don’t forget SALTY BANANA.
32) Lastly, why are neurotransmitters important? What are some common ones?