BI 200 –Midterm Exam #1AName
Spring 2004Lab Section. Seat#
Disclaimer
Consider each question, and answer each in the appropriate format (e.g., multiple choice). You may qualify your answer if you have reservations. If your comments have merit, you may receive partial or full credit. Questions are 1 point each unless indicated.
Multiple choice - 1 point each.
1. Cells take in raw materials and discards wastes; this is called
a. replication
b. transcription
c. metabolism
d. differentiation
e. conjugation
2.A. Most microorganisms cause disease but are never involved in the development of pharmaceuticals or other treatments for disease.
B. Microorganisms in the rumen help cows digest cellulose.
(a) only (A) is true
(b) only (B) is true
(c) both (A) and (B) are true
(d) neither (A) nor (B) are true
3. DNA polymerase is responsible for:
(a) translation
(b) DNA replication
(c) transcription
(d) all of the above
(e) none of the above
4. Permanent changes in cellular characteristics are the result of
A) chemical signalingB) reproductive initiative.
C) evolution. D) none of the above
5. RNA polymerase is responsible for:
(a) translation
(b) DNA replication
(c) transcription
(d) all of the above
(e) none of the above
6. In eukaryotes ribosomes are often
a. associated with the endoplasmic reticulum
b. found in the nucleus
c. made of microtubules
d. completely absent
7. Viruses might not be considered “alive” because
a. they don’t move
b. they don’t carry out replication
c. they don’t carry out metabolism
d. they can’t change or evolve
8. Gram positive bacteria
a. have a thick cell wall that is exposed to the environment.
b. have a thick cell wall that is covered by the outer membrane
c. have cell walls that contain the pyrogen lipopolysaccharide
d. have cell walls that are flexible but excellent chemical barriers
9. Which is not true about the peptide interbridges peptidoglycan?
a. formation is prevented by penicillin
b. Gram positives like Staphylococcus aureus contain pentaglycine interbridges
c. meso-diaminopimelic acid is present
d. rare D-amino acids are present
e. none of the above, all are true.
10. Microtubules are part of
a. the cytoskeleton
b. bacterial flagella
c. the Golgi apparatus
d. the nucleolus
11. Translation is carried out by ______and occurs at the ______in eukaryotic cells.
a. RNA polymerase; endoplasmic reticulum
b. Ribosome; endoplasmic reticulum
c. Ribosome; nucleus
d. none of the above, eukaryotes do not have a nucleus or endoplasmic reticulum
12. Which base pairings are correct, and the number of hydrogen bonds correct?
a. C+T, 3
b. C+G, 2
c. C+G, 3
d. C+A, 3
13. According to the article “Clues to the fiery origin of life”, in general more ancient the origin of the organism,
A) the more heat sensitive the organism will be
B) the higher the temperature at which it is found to thrive
C) the more likely it will be to colonize a new born baby.
D) all of the above
E) none of the above
14. Which of the following would have the highest optimum growth temperature?
A) the bacterium Thermotoga
B) cyanobacterium
C) the archaean Thermoproteus
D) Halophiles
E) plants
15. In which of the environments is one most likely to find a thermophile?
A) the human body
B) a glacier
C) the Great Salt lake
D) Icelandic hot springs
E) a cow’s rumen
16. The isolation of DNA polymerase from Thermus aquaticus made possible the technique of ______where trillions of copies of DNA can be made from small amounts. This made possible the forensic technique of ______.
A) aseptic technique; enrichment culture
B) enrichment media; chemical evolution
C) polymerase chain reaction; pure cultures
D) polymerase chain reaction; DNA fingerprinting
E) enrichment culture; PCR
17. Which of the following statements describing the abundance of microbes in and on the human body is true according to the article “Earth’s dominant life form”?
A) at least 400 species begin to set up housekeeping in [a] baby
B) every year each person excretes his or her own body weight in bacteria
C) the number of microbes that colonize the body exceeds the number of cells in the body by tenfold to one-hundredfold.
D) all of the above
E) none of the above
18. The first appreciable amounts of O2, 1% of the atmosphere, dates back to ______years ago. An abundance of stromatolites from the period contain fossils resembling ______.
A) 2 billion; cyanobacteria
B) 4.5 billion; Paracoccus
C) 4,000; Linnaeus
D) 1.2 billion; Trilobites
E) none of the above is reasonable
19. The earliest polymerization reactions were probably ______reactions; and these occurred ______.
A) dehydration /in the atmosphere
B) hydrolysis/on exposed surfaces
C) dehydration /in the open ocean
D) dehydration /on exposed surfaces
20. The earliest RNA probably functioned in
A) catalysis
B) genetic coding
C) both catalysis and genetic coding
D) neither catalysis nor genetic coding
21. The size of the most useful RNA molecule for prokaryotic evolutionary studies is
A) 5S
B) 16S
C) 18S
D) 23S
22. Molecular sequencing suggests that mitochondria arose from a group of prokaryotic organisms that includes the
A) Cyanobacteria
B) Proteobacteria such as Paracoccus
C) Methanogenic bacteria
D) another eukaryote
23. Which statement most closely expresses our present understanding?
A) The chloroplast is a descendent of the cyanobacteria
B) The cyanobacteria are descendents of the chloroplast
C) The chloroplast and the cyanobacteria shared a common ancestor
D) The chloroplast and the cyanobacteria are not closely (or specifically) related
24. The presence of membrane-enclosed organelles is a characteristic of
A) prokaryotic cells. B) eukaryotic cells.
C) all cells. D) viruses.
25. The progenote
A) was most likely a eukaryote
B) was most likely a prokaryote
C) was isolated by Winogradsky
D) is pathogenic
26. An organism that can only live at the bottom of the ocean where sunlight cannot reach is probably a ______and a ______.
A) phototroph; alkaliphile
B) chemotroph; barophile
C) chemotroph; alkaliphile
D) phototroph; barophile
27. A bacterium is found in the Great Salt Lake. It requires high concentrations of salt and sunlight to grow. It is
A) a halophile
B) a chemolithotroph
C) a phototroph
D) a and b
E) a and c
28. Thiobacillus grows by oxidizing S to SO42-, and lives in an environment with pH 2. It is
A) a acidophile
B) a chemolithotroph
C) a heterotroph
D) a and b
E) a and c
29. Maltose enters the cell with the help of three proteins: a periplasmic binding protein, a channel protein in the membrane, and an ATP kinase on the inside of the cell.
a. Passive diffusion
b. Primary active transport
c. Secondary active transport
d. Group translocation
e. “ABC” transport
30. Glucose is chemically altered upon entering the cell.
a. Osmosis
b. Diffusion
c. Facilitated diffusion
d. Active transport
e. Group translocation
31. Movement of water across a semi-permeable membrane from high concentration to low concentration.
a. Osmosis
b. Diffusion
c. Facilitated diffusion
d. Active transport
e. Group translocation
32. Glycerol enters the cell by moving from high concentration to low concentration, and does show saturation kinetics.
a. Osmosis
b. Diffusion
c. Facilitated diffusion
d. Active transport
e. Group translocation
33. Lactose enters the cell at the same time as a proton.
a. primary active transport
b. secondary active transport - uniporter
c. secondary active transport - symporter
d. secondary active transport - antiporter
34. Which of the following bacteria is most similar to the forerunner of the hydrogenosome found in anaerobic protozoa?
a. Methanosarcina
b. Hydrogenobacter
c. Clostridium
d. Alcalignenes
35. The E. coli chromosome contains about ______base pairs.
a. 4
b. 4,000
c. 4.5 x 106
d. 4.5 x 109
36. Which of the following are composed of protein?
a. PHB
b. Sulfur granules
c. S-layer
d. magnetite
e. all of the above
37. Which is involved in “mating” or conjugation in bacteria like E. coli?
a. glycocalyx
b. fimbriae
c. spore
d. pili
e. gamete
Short Answer – 1 point each
Do bacteria judge their environment by area (spatially) or over the course of time (temporally)?
Amoeba slink along with a false “foot” formed from reshaping their cytoskeleton. This extension is called a
Match the prokaryotic cell feature with the type of organism in (or on) which it might be found. 3.5 points
_____ Sulfur granuleA. An Archaea with no pseudomurein
_____ EndosporeB. Streptococcus mutans causing tooth decay
_____ MagnetosomeC. A Sulfur-oxidizing lithotroph like Beggiatoa
_____ CapsuleD. Neisseria gonorrhoeae
_____ S-LayerE. A microaerophile such as Aquaspirillum
_____ Gas vesicleF. Bacillus or Clostridium
_____ FimbriaeG. A cyanobacterium like Anabena
Circle the chemical structure to the left that is the carboxyl group
Circle the chemical structure to the left that is the ester linkage
Is the sugar molecule to the left an alpha or beta form of glucose?
Which of these would be found in RNA?
Which of these would be found in DNA?
Indicate to which carbon (1 through 5) the base would attach on one of the structures.
Indicate to which carbon (1 through 5) the phosphate would attach on one of the structures.
Indicate which polysaccharides to the left would soluble and digestible, and which would make a good cell wall material. Mark all three.
Indicate which structure has an ether linkage, and which has an ester linkage. Mark all three.
Are ether linkages found in lipids of archaea, eukaryotes, or bacteria?
Which diagram shows a phospholipid monolayer?
What type of archaea would have a phospholipid monolayer?
What is the name (abbreviation will due) of the polymer depicted on the left?
What do the storage granules provide for the bacteria?
Why are these storage granules of particular interest to people?
Complete the following narrative by circling the appropriate name or term in each parenthesis so that each sentence is accurate. 1 point each
The scope of Microbiology has been defined by a quote from (Pasteur, Champine, Stanier, Venter) “Microorganisms are by definition too small to see.” The only feature that they have in common is their small size – less than (0.2 m, 0.2 mm, 0.2 μm, 0.2 nm). The largest are the (archaea, metazoa, protozoa, viruses) which are studied in the field of (parasitology, virology, bacteriology, botany). Single-celled animals are referred to as (archaea, metazoa, protozoa, viruses) and include the major sub groupings of (Gram positives, bacteriophage, chrysophyta, ciliates), sporozites, flagellates, and (Gram negatives, sarcondinians, chlorophyta, methanogens). The latter include the irregularly shaped (Staphylococcus, Volvox, Amoeba) which slinks along with its pseudopodia or “false foot”. Microscopic photosynthetic eukaryotes include (Green algae, sarcondinians, thermophiles, methanogens). The fungi have two representative shapes the oval yeast and the more filamentous (molds, icoshedra, ciliates, cocci). The fungi are (always, sometimes, never) pathogens. The two groups of prokaryotic microbes are the (bacteria, eukarya, archaea, viruses) and the (bacteria, eukarya, archaea, viruses). The bacteria like E. coli are typically (2 m, 2 mm, 2 μm, 2 nm) in length and have relatively simple shapes like the cocci, bacilli, and the (spirillum, alpha helix, icoshedron, ciliates). The three major groupings of the archaea are the (Gram positive, methanogens, bacteriophage), (Gram negatives, yeasts, thermophiles) and the halophiles. The smallest of the microorganisms are the (bacteria, eukarya, archaea, viruses) which are less than(0.2 m, 0.2 mm, 0.2 μm, 0.2 nm) in size. The typical shapes are helical and the (molds, icoshedra, ciliates, cocci).
(5 points) Describe the FIRST stage of chemical evolution. What were some of the small molecules that came together to form monomers and what energy sources were available? Where did this occur? What gas was missing? Give the names of several monomers that resulted. How can this process be demonstrated in the laboratory?
Match the scientist with their contribution to Microbiology. 9 points
_____ KochA) Organic chemist who studied fermentation and food spoilage
_____ PasteurB) Isolated many soil and aquatic microorganisms.
_____ListerC) Study of hot springs bacteria led to better understanding of original life on Earth
_____ FlemingD) Led the sequencing of the human genome
_____ BeijerinckE)Discovered penicillin and lysozyme
_____WinogradskyF. First to make detailed observation of microbes
_____ BrockG. Developed the concept of lithotrophy
_____ van LeuuwenhoekH. Developed pure culture technique
_____ VenterI. Emphasized hygiene to control contagions
What are the four steps or tests a microbe must pass in order for it to be shown to cause a disease? (What are Koch’s postulates?) 2 points
1.
2.
3.
4.
(1 point) Consider the disease Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) that is caused by the Human Immunodefiency Virus (HIV). Considering the fact that HIV only infects human beings, indicate the problem in applying Koch’s postulates by answering the following question: If HIV is lethal and infects only people, which postulate would be affected? What would be the moral problem in fulfilling this postulate?
Complete the following table comparing the typical arrangement of DNA in Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes. 4 points
Eukaryotes / ProkaryotesShape of Chromosome
Copies of Each Chromosome
Where is it found in the cell?
Does supercoiling involves histones?
(2 points) What are three advantages of having a capsule? Put a star by the most important.
A -
B -
C -
(2 points) Bacterial endospores are (true or false)
_____ resistant to heat
_____ metabolically active
_____ rich in Calcium
_____ formed on the inside of cells
(4 points) Compare Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic motility by completing the following table.
Trait or Property / Prokaryotes / EukaryotesAppendages related to motility
Name of proteins that appendages are composed of
Motion of appendages
(What man-made structures do they resemble?)
What form of energy is required for motion?
Complete the following table, indicating the chemical structure of cell walls. 4 pts
Microorganism / Polymer / Bond Arrangement / Sub-unitsAlgae / 1->4
Fungi
Bacteria / N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylmuramic acid
Archaea / Pseudomurein / N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetyltauronic acid