Fig. S1 Outline of the sampling and data analysis procedures followed. The square represents a 4x4 “landscape” in central Italy; circles represent single forest habitat patches.

Landscape / Number of sampled patches (birds survey) / Number of sampled patches (Muscardinus avellanarius survey) / Number of sampled patches (hair tubes survey) / Forest cover (hectares) / Total number of patches / Mean patch size (hectares)
1 / 2 / 2 / 2 / 30.2 / 5 / 6.0
2 / 4 / 5 / 4 / 47.5 / 20 / 2.3
3 / 4 / 5 / 5 / 156.2 / 21 / 7.4
4 / 2 / 2 / NA / 292.0 / 13 / 22.4
5 / 1 / 1 / 1 / 19.2 / 4 / 4.8
6 / 1 / 1 / 1 / 180.3 / 7 / 25.7
7 / 4 / 4 / 4 / 51.0 / 27 / 1.8
8 / 4 / 6 / 6 / 284.6 / 28 / 10.1
9 / 3 / 2 / 2 / 63.0 / 7 / 9.0
10 / NA / 1 / 1 / 1039.6 / 1 / 1039.6
11 / 1 / 1 / 1 / 612.6 / 4 / 153.1
12 / 2 / NA / NA / 93.8 / 20 / 4.6
13 / 4 / 4 / 3 / 74.0 / 11 / 6.7
14 / 3 / NA / 1 / 494.5 / 16 / 30.9
15 / NA / 1 / 1 / 1181.7 / 6 / 196.9
16 / 1 / 1 / 1 / 1279.9 / 4 / 320.0
17 / 3 / NA / NA / 280.5 / 16 / 17.5
18 / 1 / 1 / 1 / 1363.3 / 1 / 1363.3
19 / 4 / 6 / 5 / 25.3 / 9 / 2.8
20 / 2 / 1 / 1 / 420.1 / 14 / 30.0
21 / 2 / 1 / 1 / 328.1 / 14 / 23.4
22 / 4 / 6 / 6 / 180.6 / 28 / 6.4
23 / 4 / NA / 1 / 307.8 / 21 / 14.6
24 / 1 / 1 / 1 / 123.6 / 10 / 12.3
25 / 4 / 5 / 5 / 320.2 / 30 / 10.6
26 / 3 / 3 / 3 / 46.2 / 14 / 3.3
27 / 1 / 1 / 1 / 79.4 / 3 / 26.4
28 / 3 / 2 / NA / 474.0 / 28 / 16.9
29 / 1 / 1 / NA / 589.1 / 15 / 39.2
30 / 3 / 1 / NA / 206.9 / 15 / 13.8
31 / 4 / 5 / 4 / 220.4 / 38 / 5.8
32 / 3 / 3 / 3 / 81.8 / 13 / 6.3

Table S1Main characteristicsand sampling effort of the 32 4x4Km sampled landscapes in central Italy. NA= not available (patch not sampled).

Table S2 Descriptive statistics of the landscape and patch characteristics measured in 32 4x4Km landscapes and 94 patches in central Italy.

Mean / S. E. / Minimum / Maximum
Landscape level variables
Forest Cover (ha) / 335.8 / 371.9 / 19.3 / 1363.3
Number of patches / 14.5 / 9.4 / 1.0 / 38.0
Mean patch size (ha) / 104.4 / 293.3 / 1.9 / 1363.3
Mean proximity index (1000 m threshold) / 42.3 / 17.5 / 0.0 / 414.2
Mean edge-to-edge distances (1000 m threshold, m) / 398.3 / 15.8 / 163.7 / 564.1
Total length of hedgerows (km)a / 0.0 / 0.0 / 0.0 / 0.0
Mean number of hedgerows / patch / 1.6 / 0.2 / 0.1 / 3.3
Arable land (ha) / 740.6 / 78.9 / 11.9 / 1493.8
Olive fields (ha) / 174.6 / 48.8 / 0.0 / 977.1
Urban settlements (ha) / 77.9 / 24.6 / 0.0 / 637.7
Vineyards (ha) / 33.4 / 16.6 / 0.0 / 492.5
Small scale cultivations (ha) / 30.4 / 7.8 / 0.0 / 215.7
Longitude (X-UTM33) / 302999.0 / 8807.0 / 218943.8 / 405329.9
Latitude (Y-UTM 33) / 4653330.0 / 7171.2 / 4590210.0 / 4743155.0
Mean annual rainfall (mm) / 957.4 / 39.2 / 649.0 / 1342.0
Patch level variables
AREA (size of the patch in ha) / 1805.2 / 1048.1 / 0.4 / 85149.6
SHAPE (perimeter /area; m-1) / 0.0 / 0.0 / 0.0 / 0.1
HDG_CON (number of hedgerows departing from a patch that connected to another patch) / 1.7 / 0.3 / 0.0 / 16.0
HDGxPCH (total number of hedges departing from a patch) / 3.7 / 0.5 / 0.0 / 27.0
PCH_CON (number of patches connected to the focal patch) / 1.5 / 0.2 / 0.0 / 9.0
TREE (mean number of trees in a 10 m² plot) / 8.1 / 0.4 / 1.3 / 22.6
CAN_COV (canopy cover, range 0-8) / 5.9 / 0.1 / 1.4 / 7.8
CAN_HGT (mean canopy height, m) / 13.4 / 0.4 / 3.3 / 28.1
MCBH (mean circumference at breast height; cm) / 74.8 / 1.9 / 35.7 / 155.6
SHB_COV (shrub cover, percentage) / 6.6 / 0.3 / 0.0 / 12.4
SHB_RICH (shrub species richness) / 9.4 / 0.3 / 0.0 / 15.0
SHB_SIMP (Simpson index of shrub species diversity) / 5.4 / 0.2 / 1.0 / 9.0
SHB_STR_1m (shrub cover at 1 m height, percentage) / 3.2 / 0.1 / 0.0 / 4.0
SHB_STR_2m (shrub cover at 2 m height) / 2.5 / 0.1 / 0.0 / 4.0
SHB_STR_4m (shrub cover at 4 m height) / 1.5 / 0.1 / 0.0 / 4.0
SHB_STR_8m (shrub cover at 8 m height) / 0.3 / 0.0 / 0.0 / 2.3
Longitude (X-UTM33) / 311599.4 / 5742.8 / 217255.0 / 406401.0
Latitude (Y-UTM 33) / 4649460.0 / 4143.1 / 4584670.0 / 4743110.0

b Total length of hedgerows in km was standardized to the extent of non-habitat cover.

Tab. S3 Spearman correlation coefficients and significance levels (in italics) between landscape- and patch-level principal components (N=94).

SHB_STR / CONCT / SHB_DIV / GEOM / MATURITY / CANOPY
HL / 0.078 / 0.086 / 0.228 / 0.280 / 0.244 / 0.164
0.453 / 0.409 / 0.027 / 0.006 / 0.018 / 0.114
HF / 0.290 / 0.021 / 0.148 / -0.428 / 0.203 / 0.336
0.005 / 0.843 / 0.155 / 0.000 / 0.050 / 0.001
SC / 0.052 / 0.345 / -0.242 / -0.127 / 0.081 / 0.148
0.617 / 0.001 / 0.019 / 0.222 / 0.437 / 0.155
LU1 / 0.228 / 0.049 / 0.000 / 0.072 / 0.326 / 0.391
0.027 / 0.642 / 0.999 / 0.488 / 0.001 / 0.000
LU2 / 0.270 / -0.008 / -0.022 / 0.025 / 0.064 / 0.019
0.009 / 0.936 / 0.834 / 0.810 / 0.537 / 0.858
LU3 / 0.179 / -0.026 / 0.383 / 0.172 / 0.269 / -0.023
0.084 / 0.803 / 0.000 / 0.098 / 0.009 / 0.823
SHB_STR / -0.023 / -0.002 / 0.007 / -0.015 / 0.028
0.825 / 0.982 / 0.946 / 0.889 / 0.787
CONCT / -0.057 / 0.050 / 0.030 / -0.101
0.587 / 0.631 / 0.771 / 0.334
SHB_DIV / 0.013 / 0.063 / 0.040
0.898 / 0.550 / 0.700
GEOM / 0.015 / -0.016
0.885 / 0.882
MATURITY / -0.118
0.256

Tab. S4 Spearman correlation coefficients and significance levels (in italics) between landscape -level principal components (N=33).

HF / SC / LU1 / LU2 / LU3
HL / -0.003 / -0.084 / 0.147 / -0.516 / 0.514
0.985 / 0.643 / 0.413 / 0.002 / 0.002
HF / 0.130 / 0.388 / 0.234 / 0.206
0.470 / 0.026 / 0.190 / 0.250
SC / 0.183 / 0.080 / -0.235
0.307 / 0.660 / 0.187
LU1 / 0.033 / -0.039
0.855 / 0.829
LU2 / 0.014
0.937

Table S5 Values of the area under the ROC curve for the model averaged model of each species; p < 0.05 for all the species.

Species / AUC / S.E.
Aegithalos caudatus / 0.806 / 0.05
Regulus ignicapilla / 0.793 / 0.053
Garrulus glandarius / 0.853 / 0.048
Phylloscopus collybita / 0.886 / 0.042
Sitta europaea / 0.83 / 0.046
Dendrocopos major / 0.86 / 0.042
Picus viridis / 0.9 / 0.034
Rattus rattus / 0.773 / 0.067
Muscardinus avellanarius / 0.841 / 0.047
Sciurus vulgaris / 0.691 / 0.099

Table S6 Model averaged parameter estimates and standard errors. Model averaging was carried out for the first ranked (ΔAICc < 4) occupancy models using rescaled weights.

Muscardinus avellanarius / Rattus rattus / Sciurus vulgaris
psi / se / p / PSI / s.e / P / s.e. / PSI / s.e / P / s.e.
costant / 1.60 / 1.36 / -0.87 / 0.38 / -0.18 / 0.36 / 0.42 / 0.30 / -1.49 / -0.70 / -0.41 / 0.81
HL / 3.29 / 1.69 / -0.45 / 0.46 / 1.29 / 0.81
HF / 1.71 / 1.39 / -0.15 / -0.50
SC / -0.07 / 0.53
LU1 / -1.07 / -0.66
LU2 / 0.93 / 0.47 / -0.10 / 0.53
LU3 / -0.54 / 0.27 / -0.26 / 0.36
GEOM / -0.92 / 1.31 / 1.17 / 0.33 / 0.52 / 0.35 / 0.57 / 0.84 / -1.13 / 0.56
CONCT / 1.33 / 1.21 / -0.16 / 0.36 / 0.79 / 0.69
SHB_STR / 0.81 / 1.59 / 0.28 / 0.38 / 0.99 / 0.31
SHB_DIV / -0.29 / 0.44 / -0.19 / 0.41 / 0.55 / 1.03
CANOPY / -0.12 / 0.54 / 0.23 / 0.27 / 0.92 / 0.70 / 0.81 / 0.58
MATURITY / 0.38 / 0.33 / -0.63 / 0.67 / -1.07
SS / 0.64 / 0.46
atcv
Picus viridis / D major / P. collybita
psi / se / p / psi / se / p / psi / se / p
costant / -1.48 / 0.58 / -0.48 / 0.10 / -0.14 / 0.35 / -0.14 / 0.35 / 1.18 / 0.67 / -0.74 / 0.10
HL / 0.80 / 0.53
HF / -3.29 / 2.70 / -1.85 / 1.04
SC / 0.87 / 0.46
LU1 / 1.01 / 0.58
LU2
LU3
GEOM / 1.11 / 0.50 / 1.64 / 0.52 / 0.14 / 0.13 / 2.53 / 0.83
CONCT / 0.58 / 0.38 / 0.53 / 0.44
SHB_STR / -0.28 / 0.10
SHB_DIV / -0.67 / 0.48 / 0.88 / 0.52 / 0.18 / 0.11
CANOPY / 0.57 / 0.14 / 0.62 / 0.40 / 0.21 / 0.15 / -0.01 / 0.53 / 0.37 / 0.11
MATURITY / 0.54 / 0.14 / 0.68 / 0.52 / 0.26
Time / -0.22 / 0.10
atcv / 4.89 / 1.27
R. ignicapilla / A. caudatus / S. europaea
PSI / s.e / P / s.e. / psi / se / p / PSI / se / p / Se
costant / 0.10 / 0.29 / -0.05 / 0.10 / -0.36 / 0.51 / -0.95 / 0.13 / -0.73 / 0.40 / -1.30 / 0.18
HL / 0.99 / 0.52
HF / -0.71 / 0.48
SC / 1.03 / 0.47
LU1 / 0.75 / 0.29
LU2
LU3
GEOM / 0.75 / 0.33 / 0.94 / 0.44 / 0.26 / 0.12 / 1.12 / 0.49 / 0.39 / 0.15
CONCT / 0.59 / 0.29
SHB_STR / 0.65 / 0.32
SHB_DIV / -0.39 / 0.28 / -0.62 / 0.18
CANOPY / 0.35 / 0.13 / 0.86 / 0.36 / 1.16 / 0.51
MATURITY / 0.40 / 0.13 / 0.20 / 0.13 / 0.44 / 0.16
Time / 0.21 / 0.10
atcv / 1.97 / 0.79
G. glandarius
psi / se / p
costant / -1.09 / 0.37 / -1.03 / 0.15
HL / 1.73 / 0.66
HF
SC
LU1
LU2
LU3
GEOM / 0.74 / 0.42
HDG / 0.94 / 0.37
SHB_STR / -0.69 / 0.38
SHB_DIV
CANOPY
MATURITY
Time / 0.30 / 0.13
atcv

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