Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences s116
RAJIV GANDHI UNIVERSITY OF HEALTH SCIENCES
BANGALORE, KARNATAKA
ANNEXURE II
PROFORMA FOR REGISTRATION OF SUBJECT FOR DISSERTATION
1. / NAME OF THE CANDIDATEAND ADDRESS / RAJA GAYATHRI SURADA
D/O LAKSHMAN RAO S.
QTR NO: C/6, 3rd FLOOR, PORT HOSPITAL PARK QTRS, NEAR GOVT. MINT, MAJERHAT, KOLKATA-700053.
2. / NAME OF THE INSTITUTION / THE OXFORD COLLEGE OF PHYSIOTHERAPY, BANGALORE.
3. / COURSE OF STUDY AND SUBJECT / MASTER’S IN PHYSIOTHERAPY MUSCULOSKELETAL DISORDERS AND SPORTS.
4. / DATE OF ADMISSION TO COURSE / 6TH JUNE,2012
5. / TITLE OF THE TOPIC :
A COMPARITIVE STUDY TO FIND OUT THE EFFECT OF SPECIFIC CORE STABILITY TRAINING VERSES SHOTPUT SPECIFIC TRAINING IN IMPROVING THROWING PERFORMANCE AMONG HIGH SCHOOL LEVEL SHOT PUTTER’S.
6.BRIEF RESUME OF THE INTENDED WORK:
6.1 NEED OF THE STUDY
‘Core stability’ is defined as the ability to control the position and motion of the trunk over the pelvis to allow optimum production, transfer and control of force and motion to the terminal segment in integrated athletic activities.[1]
Core stability is an important component maximizing efficient athletic function. Function is most often produced by the kinetic chain, the coordinated, that places the distal segment with optimum timing to produce the desired athletic task. The core acts as an anatomical base for motion of the distal segments. This can be considered ‘proximal stability for distal mobility’ for throwing, kicking or running activities.[2]
According to Hibbs et al. (2008)[3], general everyday tasks, such as walking, require much less core strength and stability as compared to dynamic athletic movements, due to their low load nature. Quite the reverse is true in the athletic setting, which is focused on enhancing performance through training that involves heavily loaded and dynamic movements (i.e., athletic movements) (Hibbs et al., 2008). Leetun et al., (2004) [4] noted that athletes must have adequate strength in the lumbo-pelvic-hip complex in order to provide spinal stability throughout athletic movements. They continued with saying that motor control and muscular capacity create core stability (Leetun et al., 2004).
Force control is also maximized through the core. The trunk is essential in re-acquiring the forward momentum [5] and approximately 85% of the muscle activation to slow the forward-moving arm is generated in the rotator cuff. [6]
Sports Specific Training can help improve strength, flexibility and stamina to improve performance in specific sports. [7] Options include increasing arm strength or improve strength and core stability providing better balance.
Sports specific training is all about developing physical conditions to improve performance and skills at a particular sport. Also, understanding the needs of the game, training/practicing at the correct pace, in order to meet sports requirements.
The lack of volume of specific exercises in training is frequently reflected in several common shortcomings that can be observed in competition.[8]
· An intense, energy-consuming preparation for the glide.
· An open double-support position prior to the delivery.
· A cramped and shortened performance of the final deliver.
In shot putting much of the concentration is driven towards the training of upper limb to improve the performance. But the facts reveal that the performance can be enhanced through the constitutional or holistic functioning of the upper limb, lower limb and core musculature. This implies that the integration of local, single-joint muscles and multi-joint muscles is required to provide stability and produce motion., a proximal to distal patterning of generation of force, and the creation of interactive moments that move and protect distal joints. But a very little study is carried out to find out the role of core in relation to the force – velocity component and mode of force generation and also regarding the sports specific training in throwing performance.
Sports specific exercises with or without load usually receive little attention and are often overlooked in the training of shot putters, a very little literature is available regarding sports specific training and in practice there is a tendency of using nearly 50% of the total training time is directed towards general strength development.
Young athletes are at risk for sustaining musculoskeletal injury through improper training i.e., over training or under training. Hence a proper training program would be greatly helpful in reducing injury risk and enhancing performance. According to ACSM guidelines high school level athletes can be trained starting up with a load of 40 -50 % of 1 RM and can be progressed to a maximum of 60 -70% of 1 RM.
1. Despite the popularity of core stability training, relatively little scientific research has been conducted to demonstrate the benefits for healthy athletes
( Panjabi).[9]
2. Studies have proven that decreased hip flexibility in rotation or strength in abduction (positive Trendelenburg) was seen in 49% of athletes with arthroscopically proven posterior-superior labral tears. (Burkhart SS).[1]
3. Theoretical concepts says that a strong core allows an individual the full transfer of force generation through the lower extremity, the torso, and finally to the upper extremity. (Mc Gill, Cissik, Behm DG).[10]
4. Studies have proven that a weak core is believed to cause alternation in transfer of energy, resulting in reduced sports performance and risk of injury to weak muscle groups. (Thomas w. Nesser, Kellie c. Huxel, Jeffrey l. Tincher, and Tomoko Okada).[10]
5. Since sports specific training is also known to receive a very little attention in shot putting, the present study is intended to compare the effect of specific core stability training with shot put specific training in improving throwing performance in high school level athletes.
6.2 REVIEW OF LITERATURE:
Reed CA et al(2012) [11] conducted study related to the effects of isolated and integrated 'core stability' training on athletic performance measures and concluded that targeted core stability training provides marginal benefits to athletic performance.
Chris Sharrock et al (2011) [12] conducted a pilot study on core stability and athletic performance and concluded that specific performance tests will be able to better define and to examine relationships to core stability and suggested that future studies should also seek to determine if there are specific sub-categories of core stability which are most important to allow for optimal training and performance for individual sports.
Okada et al (2011) [13] conducted studies on the relationship between Core Stability, Functional Movement, and Performance and this study concludes that although training for core and functional movement are important to include in a fitness program, especially for injury prevention, they should not be the primary emphasis of any training program.
Saeterbakken AH et al (2011) [14] have conducted experiments on effect of core stability training on throwing velocity in female handball players, this study found out that, a stronger and more stable lumbopelvic-hip complex may contribute to higher rotational velocity in multisegmental movements and thus may encourage an effective neuromuscular pattern and increase force production and can improve a highly a highly specific performance task such as throwing.Chelly MS, et al(2010)[15] conducted study on the relationships between power and strength of the upper and lower limb muscles and throwing velocity in male handball players and this study found that the importance of muscle volume to performance in throwing events. Force-velocity data may prove useful in regulating conditioning and rehabilitation programs for handball players and the results also highlights the contribution of both the lower and the upper limbs to handball throwing velocity, thus improving the throwing velocity of handball players.
Willardson JM et al (2008) [9] conducted studies on application of core stability program in sports conditioning, and this study found that, during preseason and in-season mesocycles, free weight exercises performed while standing on a stable surface are recommended for increases in core strength and power. Conversely, during postseason and off-season mesocycles, Swiss ball exercises involving isometric muscle actions, small loads, and long tension times are recommended for increases in core endurance.
Hibbs AE et al (2008) [16] conducted study on optimizing performance by improving core stability and core strength and concluded that a clearer understanding of the roles that specific muscles have during core stability and core strength exercises would enable more functional training programmes to be implemented, which may result in a more effective transfer of these skills to actual sporting activities.
Terzis G et al (2007)[17] conducted studies on Neuro- muscular control and performance in shot-put athletes and concluded that, besides the importance of absolute muscle strength, an important parameter for shot-put performance is the level of activation of the vastus lateralis (VL) and the pectoralis major during the delivery phase. Furthermore, suggested that the triceps brachii should be activated fast in order to be an effective contributor to the shot-put performance.
Kibler et al (2006) [1] conducted studies on the Role of Core Stability in Athletic Function and this study found out that core muscle activation includes the integration of local, single-joint muscles and multi-joint muscles to provide stability and produce motion which results in proximal stability for distal mobility, a proximal to distal patterning of generation of force, and the creation of interactive moments that move and protect distal joints.
William J. Kraemer(2005) [10] in his article in research digest on Progression and resistance training suggested ways of progression to exercise, number of sets and repetitions, intensity , frequency and load variation in individuals at various levels of training in athletes with age and sex consideration.
Terzis G. et al(2003) [18] conducted studies on relationship between shot put performance and triceps brachii fibre type composition and power production and concluded that fibre type composition and the functional capacity of triceps brachii muscle (e.g., isokinetic torque) explain a part of shot put performance. The magnitude of the correlation coefficients between shot put and the upper-body power tests suggests that other body parts (e.g., lower extremities) may play a significant role in this event.
The IAAF medical manual[19] in the chapter-4 on Specific considerations for the child and adolescent athlete (Growth and Development) discusses various aspects related to the developmental changes among individuals with consideration to gender, guidelines for strength training for children and adolescents, sample program prescription, training frequency and duration guidelines for specific track and field events.6.3 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES:
AIM:To compare the effectiveness of specific core stability training with shot put specific training in improving performance among high school level shot putters.
OBJECTIVES:
a) To find out the effects of specific core stability training in improving shot put performance.
b) To find out the effect of shot put specific training in improving performance.
c) To compare the effectiveness of specific core stability training with shot put specific training in improving shot put performance.
6.4 HYPOTHESIS:
Alternate Hypothesis:
There will be a significant difference between specific core stability training and shot put specific training in improving throwing performance in shot putters.
Null hypothesis :
There will be no significant difference between specific core stability training and shot put specific training in improving performance in shot putters.
7. MATERIALS AND METHOD:
7.1 STUDY DESIGN AND SETTING:
7.1.1 STUDY DESIGN:
Comparative interventional study.
7.1.2 SOURCE OF DATA
High Schools in and around Bangalore.
7.2 METHODOLOGY OF COLLECTION OF DATA:
7.2.1 POPULATION:
Both male and female shot putters.
7.2.2 SELECTION CRITERIA:
a) INCLUSION CRITERIA
· Age – 13- 15
· Gender – both male and female shot putters.
· Active healthy individuals.
· Athletes who are involved in shot putting for at least one year.
· Athletes who can throw the shot at least till the distance of 5 meters.[According to International Olympic Committee (IOC) rules]
b) EXCLUSION CRITERIA
· Athletes with recent injuries or surgeries.
· Athletes who are already taking up core stability training.
· Underweight subjects.
· Subjects with congenital disorders.
· Subjects with acute back ache, spinal injuries.
7.2.3 SAMPLING METHOD AND SAMPLE SIZE :
a) Sampling method : Purposive sampling
b) Sample size: 20
7.2.4 PROCEDURE:
Subjects will be selected based on selection criteria. Informed concern will be obtained from participants, parents and School. Subjects will be allocated into two groups using simple random sampling (lottery method). Group A will be given specific training for core stability using Jeffery’s core stability program[31 ] and Group B will be given shot put specific training program.[20] The total period of exercise program is for 3 weeks and 3 sessions per week(according to ACSM). With a warm up session lasting for 10-15 minutes and a cool down session for 5-10 minutes and a training period of 30 minutes. Total duration of 45-55 minutes.
Pre and Post scoring is taken depending upon the performance i.e., by measuring the distance of shot putting. [21, 22,23,24] Three trails of each are taken. For the age group of 13-15years, the shot weighing around 5Kgs and diameter of 110mm to 120mm should be used by men and the shot weighing around 4Kgs and diameter of 95mm to 110mm to be used by women.(according to IAAF rules) [24,25-30, 34,35,36]. And the average distance to be thrown is around 5 – 10 meters. [21]
Detailed description of exercise program given below:
Group A: [ Core stability training program][11] :
Will be given specific core stability training using,
l Swiss ball
l Medicine ball
l Theraband
Exercise protocol:
l Total Exercise Duration: 45 – 55 minutes
warm up [14,15] :10-15 minutes includes;
1. Static and dynamic stretches for whole body.
2. Shot put warm up drills like :[37]
l Drill 1: Chest press throw-5 throws;
l Drill 2: Side arm throw 5 throws;
l Drill 3: Wrist flip-5 throws;
l Drill 4: Glide to medicine ball-5 glides ;
l Drill 5: Putting for distance -5 throws;
l Drill 6:putting for heights and distance- 5 throws;
l Drill 7: Glide drills 5 glides.
Level 1:
l Abdominal muscle crunches
Level 2:
l Medicine ball training.[25,36,38]
Level 3:
l Swiss ball and thera band training.
Frequency: 3 times /week.(according to ACSM,2002)
Sets and Repetitions: 3 sets, 6-8 repetitions.(according to ACSM,2002)
Rest: 1-2 minutes (according to ACSM, 2002).
Group B: [Shot put specific training] [20]
Specific exercises can be divided into 4 major sets:
l Exercises in Set 1 are used to develop and prepare the shoulder, forearm and wrist (Exercises 1 to 5).