Chapter 20 Quiz
Definitions
Select the word or phrase that best matches the definition or example provided. Some terms may be used more than once; others may not be used at all.
Terms
A. charivari
B. community controls
C. wet-nursing
D. consumer revolution
E. carnival
F. Jansenism
G. Methodists
H. Pietism
I. illegitimacy explosion
J. blood sports
K. just price
1. A sect of Catholicism that emphasized the heavy weight of original sin and accepted the doctrine of predestination; it was outlawed as heresy by the pope.
2. A Protestant revival movement in early-eighteenth-century Germany and Scandinavia that emphasized a warm and emotional religion, the priesthood of all believers, and the power of Christian rebirth in everyday affairs.
3. The idea that prices should be fair, protecting both consumers and producers, and that they should be imposed by government decree if necessary.
4. The few days of revelry in Catholic countries that preceded Lent and that included drinking, masquerading, dancing, and rowdy spectacles that turned the established order upside down.
5. The wide-ranging growth in consumption and new attitudes toward consumer goods that emerged in the cities of northwestern Europe in the second half of the eighteenth century.
6. How were same-sex relations among women regarded in comparison to same-sex relations among men?
A. Same-sex relations among women were considered a youthful indiscretion that carried no particular stigma or condemnation, while those among men were harshly condemned as an attack on manly virtue.
B. Same-sex relations were encouraged among unmarried women and men as a way to squelch sexual passions.
C. Same-sex relations among men were accepted in imitation of Greek and Roman models, but those among women were harshly condemned as unnatural.
D. While considered unnatural, same-sex relations among women attracted less anxiety and condemnation than those among men.
7. What was the underlying reason for the illegitimacy explosion of 1750–1850?
A. Social and economic transformations made it harder for families and communities to supervise behavior.
B. The decline of traditional moral standards owing to the Enlightenment
C. Decreasing availability of birth control in the countryside
D. The sexual exploitation of poor girls by wealthy men
8. Some scholars have argued that the neglectful attitudes toward children in preindustrial Europe were conditioned mostly by
A. high infant mortality rates.
B. church doctrine.
C. Enlightenment philosophy.
D. economic pressure on new migrants to the cities.
9. What did the new discourse about children that emerged in the 1760s emphasize?
A. A call for greater tenderness toward children
B. Continuation of the practice of swaddling babies and using corsets to mold their bones
C. An expansion of foundling hospitals
D. Warnings against women nursing their own children
10. What was the result of the consumer revolution of the eighteenth century?
A. A vast increase in personal indebtedness, as individuals borrowed money in order to purchase consumer items
B. A new type of society in which people derived their self-identity as much from their consuming practices as from their work lives
C. The development of increasingly stark class distinctions based on consumption
D. Notions of community values and expected norms, since people could now purchase the same consumer items.
11. In the eighteenth century, what did the strength of popular religion in Catholic countries reflect?
A. The desires of secular authorities
B. Its importance in community life
C. The decline of papal and clerical abuses
D. The role of the parish clergy in the state bureaucracy
12. In the eighteenth century, what problems did the Church of England face?
A. Officials of both church and state used it to provide high-paying jobs to favorites and ignored the spiritual needs of the people.
B. Widespread rejection of Christian teaching as the Enlightenment became established
C. The loss of most of its land to enclosures, so that it became increasingly dependent on the state for support
D. The inability to recruit new priests as more opportunities opened for educated men in commerce and trade
13. Why did the persecution of witches slowly come to an end by the late eighteenth century?
A. Common people in the countryside adopted Enlightenment ideas and practices.
B. Most people were preoccupied with the consumer revolution.
C. The spread of literacy undermined the old superstitions.
D. Elites increasingly dismissed fears of witchcraft and refused to prosecute suspected witches.
14. Europeans believed grain and bread should be available at
A. a just price—one that was fair to both consumers and producers.
B. a price average people could pay, even if it meant producers took a loss.
C. whatever price the government chose to impose.
D. whatever price the church recommended.