NICOTINE 2007<734>
Database EMBASE
Accession Number 2008022473
Authors Kiyohara C. Yoshimasu K. Takayama K. Nakanishi Y.
Institution
(Kiyohara) KyushuUniversity, Department of Preventive Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan.
(Yoshimasu) WakayamaMedicalUniversity, Department of Hygiene, School of Medicine, 811-1 Kimiidera, Wakayama 641-8509, Japan.
(Takayama, Nakanishi) Kyushu University, Research Institute for Diseases of the Chest, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan.
Country of Publication
United Kingdom
Title
Lung cancer susceptibility: Are we on our way to identifying a high-risk group?
Source
Future Oncology. 3(6)(pp 617-627), 2007. Date of Publication: Dec 2007.
Abstract
Many studies have investigated lung cancer susceptibility based on the presence of low-penetrance, high-frequency single nucleotide polymorphisms. Identifying such susceptibility polymorphisms may lead to the development of tests that allow a more focused follow-up of a high-risk group. Genetic polymorphisms of xenobiotic metabolism, DNA repair, cell-cycle control, immunity, addiction and nutritional status have been described as promising candidates. Genetic polymorphisms in both metabolic activation (Phase I) and detoxification (Phase II) enzymes influence DNA damage. The DNA repair system is a critical cellular response that counteracts the carcinogenic effects of DNA. Thus, genetically determined susceptibility to carcinogens depends on the balance between metabolic and DNA repair enzymes. This review evaluates whether or not a specific polymorphism or a combination of such polymorphisms can effectively predict high-risk groups. copyright 2007 Future Medicine Ltd.
ISSN 1479-6694
Publication Type Journal: Review
Journal Name Future Oncology
Volume 3
Issue Part 6
Page 617-627
Year of Publication 2007
Date of Publication Dec 2007
NICOTINE 2007<739>
Database EMBASE
Accession Number 2008012341
Authors Martinet Y. Bohadana A. Fagerstrom K.
Institution
(Martinet, Bohadana) Unite de Tabacologie, Service de Pneumologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Nancy, France.
(Martinet) INSERM U724, Universite Henri Poincare, Nancy, France.
(Bohadana) INSERM ERI 11, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, France.
(Fagerstrom) Smoker Information Centre, Helsingborg, Sweden.
Country of Publication
United Kingdom
Title
Introducing oral tobacco for tobacco harm reduction: What are the main obstacles?
Source
Harm Reduction Journal. 4, 2007. Article Number: 17. Date of Publication: 07 Nov 2007.
Abstract
With the number of smokers worldwide currently on the rise, the regular failure of smokers to give up their tobacco addiction, the direct role of smoke (and, to a much lesser extent, nicotine) in most tobacco-related diseases, and the availability of less toxic (but still addictive) oral tobacco products, the use of oral tobacco in lieu of smoking for tobacco harm reduction (HR) merits assessment. Instead of focusing on the activity itself, HR focuses on the risks related to the activity. Currently, tobacco HR is controversial, generally not discussed, and consequently, poorly evaluated. In this paper, we try to pinpoint some of the main reasons for this lack of interest or reluctance to carry out or fund this type of research. In this paper we deal with the following issues: the status of nicotine in society, the reluctance of the mainstream anti-tobacco lobby toward the HR approach, the absence of smokers from the debate, the lack of information disseminated to the general population and politicians, the need to protect young people, the role of physicians, the future of HR research, and the role of tobacco companies. copyright 2007 Martinet et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.
Publication Type Journal: Note
Journal Name Harm Reduction Journal
Volume 4
Year of Publication 2007
Date of Publication 07 Nov 2007
NICOTINE 2007752>
Database EMBASE
Accession Number 2007593975
Authors Radwan G.N. Setouhy M.E. Mohamed M.K. Hamid M.A. Israel E. Azem S.A. Kamel O. Loffredo C.A.
Institution
(Radwan, Azem, Kamel) Department of Public Health, CairoUniversity, Cairo, Egypt.
(Setouhy, Mohamed) Department of Community, Environmental and Occupational Medicine, AinShamsUniversity, Cairo, Egypt.
(Hamid) Department of Microbiology, MiniaUniversity, Al Minia, Egypt.
(Israel) Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States.
(Loffredo) Department of Oncology, LombardiCancerCenter, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, United States.
Country of Publication
United Kingdom
Title
DRD2/ANKK1 TaqI polymorphism and smoking behavior of Egyptian male cigarette smokers.
Source
Nicotine and Tobacco Research. 9(12)(pp 1325-1329), 2007. Date of Publication: Dec 2007.
Abstract
Little is known about the genetic contribution to cigarette smoking and nicotine addiction in Egypt. The dopamine D2 receptor gene contains a TaqI repeat fragment length polymorphism creating two alleles with functional significance, DRD2*A1 and DRD2*A2. We investigated the relationship between these alleles and tobacco use in a study of 389 Egyptian male current smokers (mean age = 40 years; SD = 12). Participants were interviewed in 2004 on their smoking behaviors and quit attempts, and were given the Fagerstr0m Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND). Blood samples were obtained and genotyped for DRD2 A1and A2 alleles. The frequencies of A1/A2, A1/A2, and A2/A2 genotypes were 6%, 29%, and 65%, respectively. We found no statistically significant association between genotype and age at onset of smoking, years of smoking, FTND score, or average number of cigarettes smoked per day. DRD2 genotype was associated with the number of cigarettes smoked in the past 48 hr (42.2 in A1 carriers vs. 37.6 in A2, p = .03), the previous quit duration (28% in A1 vs. 40% in A2 quit for more than 1 month, p = .05), and the depth of inhalation (82% in A1 vs. 72% in A2 inhaled the smoke deeply, p = .03). Logistic regression analysis including DRD2 genotype, FTND score, age at smoking initiation, marital status, and education as predictors showed that maximum duration of quit time was associated with FTND score (p = .003), DRD2 genotype (p = .01), marital status (p = .03), and age at smoking initiation (p = .04). These findings suggest a modest association between DRD2 genotype and quitting behavior in male cigarette smokers in Egypt.
ISSN 1462-2203
Publication Type Journal: Article
Journal Name Nicotine and Tobacco Research
Volume 9
Issue Part 12
Page 1325-1329
Year of Publication 2007
Date of Publication Dec 2007
NICOTINE 2007<785>
Database EMBASE
Accession Number 2007604034
Authors Gehricke J.-G. Loughlin S. Whalen C. Potkin S. Fallon J. Jamner L. Belluzzi J. Leslie F.
Institution
(Gehricke, Potkin) Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA, United States.
(Loughlin, Leslie) Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Irvine, CA, United States.
(Whalen, Jamner) Department of Psychology and Social Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA, United States.
(Fallon) Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, CA, United States.
Country of Publication
United Kingdom
Title
Smoking to self-medicate attentional and emotional dysfunctions.
Source
Nicotine and Tobacco Research. 9(SUPPL. 4)(pp 523-536), 2007. Date of Publication: Dec 2007.
Abstract
Individuals with attentional and emotional dysfunctions are most at risk for smoking initiation and subsequent nicotine addiction. This article presents converging findings from human behavioral research, brain imaging, and basic neuroscience on smoking as self-medication for attentional and emotional dysfunctions. Nicotine and other tobacco constituents have significant effects on neural circuitry underlying the regulation of attention and affect. Age, sex, early environment, and exposure to other drugs have been identified as important factors that moderate both the effects of nicotine on brain circuitry and behavior and the risk for smoking initiation. Findings also suggest that the effects of smoking differ depending on whether smoking is used to regulate attention or affect. Individual differences in the reinforcement processes underlying tobacco use have implications for the development of tailored smoking cessation programs and prevention strategies that include early treatment of attentional and emotional dysfunctions.
ISSN 1462-2203
Publication Type Journal: Review
Journal Name Nicotine and Tobacco Research
Volume 9
Issue Part SUPPL. 4
Page 523-536
Year of Publication 2007
Date of Publication Dec 2007
NICOTINE 2007<811>
Database EMBASE
Accession Number 2007097930
Authors Andersen S.
Institution
(Andersen) TexasTechUniversityHealthSciencesCenter, School of Nursing, 3601 4th St, Lubbock, TX79430, United States.
Country of Publication
United Kingdom
Title
Adding addiction to the transtheoretical model for smoking cessation.
Source
Addictive Behaviors. 32(5)(pp 1099-1104), 2007. Date of Publication: May 2007.
Abstract
Addiction is important to account for when designing smoking cessation interventions as withdrawal symptoms impede quitting. Ameliorating symptoms may increase those successfully quitting. A two-group, two-time, five-week, multi-site experimental design using the Transtheoretical Model examined whether addiction predicted post-intervention smoking behavior (point prevalence and stage of change), controlling for NRT (nicotine replacement therapy use) in adult FreshStart participants (N = 109). The intervention group self-designated an Indigenous Helper (IH) Inde from their social network; the control group did not. The Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND) and the Stage of Change questionnaire were completed at baseline and 4 weeks. NRT use, but not the FTND, predicted smoking behavior. There is a need for an accurate nicotine addiction measure. Future smoking cessation studies should include NRT as a covariate. copyright 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
ISSN 0306-4603
Publication Type Journal: Article
Journal Name Addictive Behaviors
Volume 32
Issue Part 5
Page 1099-1104
Year of Publication 2007
Date of Publication May 2007
NICOTINE 2007<817>
Database EMBASE
Accession Number 2006614861
Authors Dawkins L. Acaster S. Powell J.H.
Institution
(Dawkins, Acaster, Powell) Department of Psychology, GoldsmithsCollege, Lewisham Way, New Cross, London, SE14 6NW, United Kingdom.
Country of Publication
United Kingdom
Title
The effects of smoking and abstinence on experience of happiness and sadness in response to positively valenced, negatively valenced, and neutral film clips.
Source
Addictive Behaviors. 32(2)(pp 425-431), 2007. Date of Publication: Feb 2007.
Abstract
Incentive motivation theories of addiction suggest that behavioural concomitants of compromised mesocorticolimbic reward activity during abstinence might include decreased affective reactions to natural reinforcers. This study tested implications for hedonic reactions in abstinent smokers. It was hypothesised that positively valenced (pleasurable) film clips would elicit lower ratings of happiness in abstinent than satiated smokers. Twenty-nine smokers, randomly assigned to either an 'abstinent' or a 'satiated' condition, and 15 non-smokers took part in a single session in which they rated (i) signs and symptoms of nicotine withdrawal and (ii) affective responses to positively valenced, negatively valenced, and neutral film clips. Compared with satiated smokers, abstinent smokers rated positive clips as eliciting significantly lower levels of happiness, and this was independent of self-reported nicotine withdrawal symptoms; the scores of non-smokers fell between those of abstinent and satiated smokers, more closely approximating those of the latter. By contrast, sadness ratings in response to negative clips were not affected by smoking status, indicating that the effect on happiness was not simply due to general emotional blunting. These results suggest that, for regular smokers, stimuli that are motivationally salient for the general population may elicit reduced positive affective responses during periods of abstinence. copyright 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
ISSN 0306-4603
Publication Type Journal: Article
Journal Name Addictive Behaviors
Volume 32
Issue Part 2
Page 425-431
Year of Publication 2007
Date of Publication Feb 2007
NICOTINE 2007<829>
Database EMBASE
Accession Number 2006592321
Authors Pappas R.S. Polzin G.M. Watson C.H. Ashley D.L.
Institution
(Pappas, Polzin, Watson, Ashley) Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Hwy. NE, Atlanta, GA 30341, United States.
Country of Publication
United Kingdom
Title
Cadmium, lead, and thallium in smoke particulate from counterfeit cigarettes compared to authentic US brands.
Source
Food and Chemical Toxicology. 45(2)(pp 202-209), 2007. Date of Publication: Feb 2007.
Abstract
Smoking remains the leading cause of preventable disease in the United States. Exposure to tobacco smoke leads to cancer, heart and lung disease, and addiction. The origin of the tobacco and cigarette manufacturing practices of counterfeit cigarettes are unknown. Because toxic metals are incorporated into the tobacco lamina during cultivation, the ambient metal content of the soil could produce significant differences in metal levels in both the tobacco and smoke of counterfeit cigarettes. We compared mainstream smoke cadmium, thallium, and lead deliveries from counterfeit and authentic brands. Mainstream smoke levels of all three metals were far greater for counterfeit than the authentic brands, in some cases by an order of magnitude. Significant differences still existed even after normalizing mainstream smoke metal levels with nicotine delivery; the counterfeits typically delivered much higher levels of all three analytes. Our findings, based on 21 different counterfeit samples, suggest that counterfeit cigarettes potentially result in a markedly greater exposure to toxic heavy metals than authentic brands, even after correcting for differences in nicotine intake. In view of the unknown health risks associated with inhaling higher levels of toxic metals, it is prudent to minimize exposure to toxic substances whenever possible.
ISSN 0278-6915
Publication Type Journal: Article
Journal Name Food and Chemical Toxicology
Volume 45
Issue Part 2
Page 202-209
Year of Publication 2007
Date of Publication Feb 2007
NICOTINE 2007<830>
Database EMBASE
Accession Number 2006548329
Authors Lee J.-H. Herzog T.A. Meade C.D. Webb M.S. Brandon T.H.
Institution
(Lee, Herzog, Meade, Webb, Brandon) H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Research Institute, The University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States.
Country of Publication
United Kingdom
Title
The use of GEE for analyzing longitudinal binomial data: A primer using data from a tobacco intervention.
Source
Addictive Behaviors. 32(1)(pp 187-193), 2007. Date of Publication: Jan 2007.
Abstract
Longitudinal study designs in addictive behaviors research are common as researchers have focused increasingly on how various explanatory variables affect responses over time. In particular, such designs are used in intervention studies that have multiple follow-up points. These designs typically involve repeated measurement of participants' responses, and thus correlation within each participant is expected. Correct inferences can only be obtained by taking into account this within-participant correlation between repeated measurements, which can complicate the analysis of longitudinal data. In recent years, generalized estimating equations (GEE) has become a standard method for analyzing non-normal longitudinal data, yet it often is not utilized by addiction researchers. The goal of this article is to provide an overview of the GEE approach for analyzing correlated binary data for behavioral researchers, using data from an intervention study on the prevention of relapse to tobacco smoking. copyright 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
ISSN 0306-4603
Publication Type Journal: Article
Journal Name Addictive Behaviors
Volume 32
Issue Part 1
Page 187-193
Year of Publication 2007
Date of Publication Jan 2007
NICOTINE 2007<850>
Database EMBASE
Accession Number 2007595616
AuthorsBrook J.S. Duan T. Brook D.W. Ning Y.
Institution
(Brook, Duan, Brook, Ning) Department of Psychiatry, New YorkUniversitySchool of Medicine, New York, NY, United States.
(Brook) Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, 215 Lexington Avenue, New York, NY 10016, United States.
Country of Publication
United Kingdom
Title
Pathways to nicotine dependence in African American and Puerto Rican young adults.
Source
American Journal on Addictions. 16(6)(pp 450-456), 2007. Date of Publication: Nov 2007.
Abstract
This investigation examined the pathways to nicotine dependence among a sample of inner city African-American and Puerto Rican young adults (mean age = 26.1 years, SD = 1.4 years). Four hundred and seventy-five young adults were interviewed. The findings based on structural equation models showed that family conflicts, parental tobacco use, and weak ethnic identity were associated with vulnerable personality attributes and drug use, which in turn were related to nicotine dependence. Prevention strategies in young adults aimed at family conflicts, parental tobacco use, vulnerable personality attributes, drug use, weak ethnic identity, and socioeconomic status should be effective in reducing risks for nicotine dependence. Copyright copyright American Academy of Addiction Psychiatry.
ISSN 1055-0496
Publication Type Journal: Article
Journal Name American Journal on Addictions
Volume 16
Issue Part 6
Page 450-456
Year of Publication 2007
Date of Publication Nov 2007
NICOTINE 2007<856>
Database EMBASE
Accession Number 2007582035
Authors Maurer P. Bachmann M.
Institution
(Maurer, Bachmann) Cytos Biotechnology, Wagistrasse 25, 8952 Schlieren Zurich, Switzerland.
Country of Publication
United Kingdom
Title
Vaccination against nicotine: An emerging therapy for tobacco dependence.
Source
Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs. 16(11)(pp 1775-1783), 2007. Date of Publication: Nov 2007.
Abstract
Tobacco dependence is an addiction characterised by compulsive drug-seeking and drug-taking behavior and intensive craving in the absence of tobacco. Nicotine is the major addictive component of tobacco and acts on the reward system in the brain. Together with strong conditional reinforcements, unaided smoking cessation attempts are notoriously unsuccessful and even the most recently introduced pharmacotherapy, varenicline, only achieves a 23% continuous abstinence rate after 1 year. Vaccination against nicotine represents a promising novel concept for treating nicotine addiction. Antibodies against nicotine inhibit the passage of nicotine to brain and thus inhibit its addiction-reinforcing activities. There are three nicotine vaccines that are in clinical development. The first proof-of-concept study in smoking cessation with the vaccine NicQb (Cytos Biotechnology), a nicotine vaccine based on virus-like particles, demonstrated that continuous abstinence rates can be significantly increased by vaccination; however, as expected from the mode of action, a sufficient antibody level had to be achieved. Antibody level dependence of abstinence was also observed with the nicotine vaccine NicVAX (Nabi Biopharmaceuticals). Vaccination against nicotine has the potential of becoming an important therapy against tobacco dependence. copyright 2007 Informa UK Ltd.
ISSN 1354-3784
Publication Type Journal: Review
Journal Name Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs
Volume 16
Issue Part 11
Page 1775-1783
Year of Publication 2007
Date of Publication Nov 2007
NICOTINE 2007<867>
Database EMBASE
Accession Number 2007561463
Authors Rose J.E. Behm F.M. Salley A.N. Bates J.E. Coleman R.E. Hawk T.C. Turkington T.G.
Institution