Pesticide Occurrence and Aquatic Benchmark Exceedances in Urban Surface Waters and Sediments of Three Urban Areas of California, USA, 2008-2011.

Environmental Monitoring and Assessment

Michael P. Ensminger, Robert Budd, Kevin C. Kelley, and Kean S. Goh

Surface Water Protection Program, Environmental Monitoring Branch, California Department of Pesticide Regulation, 1001 I Street, Sacramento, CA 95812

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Online Resource Table 1 Sampling site information

Site Code / Site Typea / Latitudeb / Longitude / Main Land Usec / Hectarage (# of homes)d / Watershed / City / County (Study Area) / Population Densitye
SC1 / SD / 33.509118 / -117.690668 / R / 154 (477) / Salt Creek / Laguna Niguel / Orange (OC) / 10,425
SC2 / SD / 33.511274 / -117.694631 / P,R / 220 (678)
SC3 / SD / 33.511933 / -117.697066 / R / 99 (327)
SC4 / SD / 33.508565 / -117.707363 / P,R / 415 (1003)
SC5 / RW / 33.505573 / -117.708639 / P,R / --
SC6 / RW / 33.492222 / -117.717345 / C,G,P,R / --
SC7 / RW / 33.481659 / -117.724042 / C,G,P,R / --
WC1 / SD / 33.58247 / -117.7453 / P,R / 183 (1004) / Wood Creek / Aliso Viejo / Orange (OC) / 11,834
WC2 / RW / 33.58155 / -117.7457 / P,R / --
WC3 / SD / 33.58158 / -117.7457 / P,R / 66 (307)
WC5 / RW / 33.58131 / -117.74585 / R / --
FOL001 / SD / 38.655646 / -121.143749 / R / 15 (163) / Alder Creek / Folsom / Sacramento
(SAC) / 6,193
FOL002 / SD / 38.6503 / -121.14494 / P,R / 25 (252)
FOL100 / RW / 38.64559 / -121.14442 / P,R / --
KBC100 / RW / 38.791507 / -121.363384 / G,P,R,S / -- / Pleasant Grove Creek / Roseville / Placer (SAC) / 3,113
PGC010 / SD / 38.80477 / -121.32733 / P,R / 20 (250)
PGC015 / STR / 38.80398 / -121.32869 / P,R / --
PGC019 / SD / 38.80248 / -121.3386 / P,R,S / 60 (450)
PGC020 / SD / 38.80232 / -121.33855 / P,R,S / 60 (450)
PGC025 / STR / 38.80143 / -121.33952 / P,R,S / --
PGC030 / SD / 38.79908 / -121.34698 / P,R / 35 (300)
PGC040 / RW / 38.79857 / -121.34802 / C,P,R,S / --
PGC050 / RW / 38.79696 / -121.351328 / G,P,R,S / --
GRY010 / SD / 37.97967 / -122.06878 / C,G,R,S / 130 (600) / Grayson Creek / Pleasant Hill / Contra Costa (SFB) / 11,621
GRY020 / SD / 37.98097 / -122.06929 / C,G,P,R,S / 270 (1200)
GRY030 / RW / 37.983549 / -122.0685 / C,G,P,R,S / --
MCC010 / SD / 37.70922 / -121.93335 / R,S / 200 (1300) / Alamo Creek / Dublin / Alameda (SFB) / 6,664
MCC020 / SD / 37.71668 / -121.93524 / P,R / 90 (650)
MCC030 / SD / 37.70686 / -121.92711 / C,R / 120 (450)
MCC040 / RW / 37.706412 / -121.92669 / C,P,R,S / --
aSite type: SD, storm drain outfall; RW, receiving water, STR, tributary stream.
bDatum: NAD83
cLand use: C, commercial; G, golf course; P, city park; R, residential; S, school
dApproximate area (hectares) of storm drain outfalls and residential number; receiving water sites are a compilation of the watershed to the monitoring site
ePopulation per km2 for the respective city (http://zipatlas.com/us/ca/city-comparison/population-density.htm)

Online Resource Table 2 Water physiochemical properties by site: range (median)

Site / DO (mg L-1)
dry rain / pH
dry rain / Temp (°C)
dry rain / Cond (mS cm-1)
dry rain / TSS (ppm)
dry rain / TOC (ppm)
dry rain /
SC1 / 0.7-8.2 (6.5) / 6.4-9.4 (7.9) / 7.0-7.7 (7.4) / 6.1-7.8 (6.8) / 14.5-20.6 (18.3) / 13.0-16.5 (15.5) / 3.1-5.3 (4.3) / 0.7-4.9 (2.9) / 5.2-75.4
(13.7) / 6.9-105 (42.6) / 9.0-40.9 (11.1) / 7.1-16.1 (9.2)
SC2 / 7.6-9.0 (8.1) / 9.4-10.6 (9.8) / 7.7-8.1 (7.9) / 7.6-8.2 (7.8) / 17.8-18.1 (18.0) / 12.4-18.0 (16.7) / 3.2-3.3 (3.24) / 1.2-3.6 (2.1) / 0.9-7.8 (7.8) / 5.5-33.9 (12.2) / 6.0-18.9 (9.6) / 6.6-14.9 (11.5)
SC3 / 6.7-9.6 (8.2) / 8.3-10.6 (9.8) / 7.6-8.5 (8.1) / 6.6-8.6 (7.2) / 16.4-22.4 (19.4) / 8.3-18.0 (15.8) / 1.5-2.3 (1.8) / 0.3-1.2 (0.3) / 3.0-231 (17.2) / 5.5-296 (15.8) / 9.3-33.3 (15.8) / 6.4-21.7 (12.7)
SC4 / 8.4-9.3 (9.1) / 9.3-10.1 (9.6) / 7.6-8.2 (7.8) / 6.3-8.1 (7.1) / 17.6-19.3 (18.5) / 14.6-17.9 (16.1) / 3.2-8.0 (3.3) / 0.7-3.3 (2.3) / 2.4-10.5 (4.7) / 2.7-8.6 (5.1) / 9.6-13.9 (9.7) / 8.1-13.4 (10.7)
SC5 / 3.7-11.0 (9.5) / 8.8-9.0 (8.8) / 7.3-8.0 (7.7) / 6.5-7.6 (7.4) / 14.9-21.2 (18.1) / 11.5-14.8 (14.7) / 2.5-4.6 (3.6) / 0.6-3.4 (1.1) / 0-8.3 (3.1) / 2.4-211 (15.5) / 9.3-14.1 (10.8) / 9.3-13.2 (10.9)
SC6 / 9.0-9.2 (9.1) / 9.4-10.5 (9.5) / 8.0-8.1 (8.0) / 7.5-7.7 (7.7) / 17.3-18.2 (17.9) / 9.6-15.2 (13.8) / 2.5-4.8 (4.3) / 1.3-3.6 (2.6) / 4.4-10.8 (6.4) / 6.1-14.4 (10.7) / 6.6-7.7 (7.7) / 8.7-11.9 (9.9)
SC7 / 8.1-8.9 (8.8) / 9.6-10.3 (10.0) / 7.8-7.9 (7.8) / 7.5-7.6 (7.5) / 18.5-19.7 (18.5) / 11.5-17.1 (15.3) / 3.4-4.6 (4.5) / 0.9-3.0 (1.8) / 5.6-9.4 (9.3) / 6.7-31.5 (17.2) / 9.0-14.6 (10.2) / 6.5-14.7
(11.6)
WC1 / 5.2-10.0 (8.9) / 9.2-10.0 (9.8) / 6.7-8.5 (8.2) / 8.0-8.3 (8.2) / 16.2-20.3 (18.4) / 14.6-19.0 (16.2) / 0.1-2.0 (1.0) / 0.8-1.7 (1.0) / 0-434 (3.0) / 11.5-22.4 (18) / 1.6-9.6 (3.5) / 2.0-8.2 (7.7)
WC2 / 2.0-6.9
(4.9) / 5.7-9.3 (8.6) / 7.0-7.9 (7.5) / 7.4-7.9 (7.7) / 15.4-19.0 (17.6) / 10.3-16.8 (14.8) / 1.0-2.0 (1.2) / 0.6-2.2 (1.0) / 0-20.8 (2.3) / 2.6-38.8 (19.2) / 4.3-11.5 (5.2) / 3.8-11.5 (6.9)
WC3 / 5.4-9.2 (7.9) / 5.6-9.9
(8.4) / 7.0-8.4 (8.0) / 7.6-8.4 (7.9) / 16.1-19.0 (18.3) / 10.0-18.6 (14.4) / 1.5-3.7 (2.7) / 0.2-2.2 (1.3) / 2.1-22.8 (8.7) / 14.9-116 (20.3) / 8.3-16.3 (11.7) / 6.4-10.3 (7.4)
WC5a / 5.1-9.1
(5.8) / 7.4 / 6.8-7.9 (7.6) / 7.4 / 16.5-22.9 (17.9) / 15.2 / 1.0-1.6 (1.4) / 1.4 / 0.7-9.6 (4.8) / 79.8 / 5.0-7.8 (7.2) / 10.6
FOL001 / 5.3-6.7 (6.0) / 9.8-9.9 (9.8) / 6.6-7.1 (6.8) / 7.2-7.2 (7.2) / 21.0-21.5 (21.2) / 13.2-15.3 (14.2) / 0.2-0.2 (0.2) / 0.1-0.1 (0.1) / 0.7-1.6 (1.2) / 13.1-40.0 (26.6) / 2.3-5.7 (4.0) / 0-5.9 (2.9)
FOL002 / 6.1-8.2 (7.1) / 9.9-10.7 (10.3) / 7.9-8.0 (7.9) / 7.2-7.3 (7.3) / 19.9-20.6 (20.2) / 11.8-14.9 (13.4) / 0.2-0.3 (0.2) / 0.1-0.1 (0.1) / 1.1-28.5 (14.8) / 17.6-27.0 (22.3) / 1.5-1.8 (1.6) / 3.3-6.4 (4.9)
FOL100a / 7.0 / 8.5-8.6 (8.6) / 7.6 / 7.2-7.4 (7.3) / 15.0 / 11.1-15.1 (13.1) / 0.3 / 0.1-0.1 (0.1) / 0.1 / 19.9-55.3 (37.6) / 4.7 / 3.5-9.1 (6.3)
KBC100a / 8.9 / 6.1-10.1 (8.0) / 7.7 / 7.0-7.4 (7.2) / 22.5 / 10.2-15.1 (13.1) / 0.1 / 0.1-0.2 (0.2) / 0.8 / 7.2-53.6 (20.7) / 9.9 / 6.0-19.7 (10.8)
PGC010 / 1.3-8.3 (2.2) / 6.1-11.3 (9.1) / 6.8-7.4 (7.2) / 7.2-7.7 (7.5) / 13.3-24.5 (21.5) / 6.9-18.0 (14.6) / 0.1-0.3 (0.2) / 0.1-0.2 (0.1) / 0.5-11.8 (4.2) / 3.3-32.4 (6.6) / 7.6-12.3 (10.3) / 2.3-14 (6.8)
PGC015 / 1.0-1.9 (1.5) / 7.2-9.9 (9.7) / 6.7-7.4 (7.1) / 7.0-7.8 (7.7) / 18.6-20.8 (20.4) / 10.1-16.0 (13.3) / 0.3-0.5 (0.3) / 0.1-0.2 (0.1) / 0.5-3.2 (1.9) / 5.4-8.2 (7.5) / 8.7-15.2 (11.9) / 4.5-9.4 (7.4)
PGC019 / 4.7-5.9 (4.9) / 7.7-10.9 (9.3) / 7.0-7.8 (7.4) / 7.1-7.4 (7.3) / 19.5-26.8 (24.3) / 10.3-16.1 (14.0) / 0.2-0.2 (0.2) / 0.1-0.1 (0.1) / 1.8-4.6 (3.2) / 5.7-16.2 (6.6) / 9.5-14.9 (12.2) / 5.4-11.3 (8.5)
PGC020 / 1.2-5.4 (3.0) / 8.1-11.0 (9.5) / 6.7-7.1 (6.8) / 7.3-7.6 (7.5) / 11.0-23.8 (18.0) / 7.5-17.7 (14.2) / 0.1-0.4 (0.2) / 0.1-1.0 (0.1) / 1.0-30.9 (3.9) / 7.5-58.5 (12.0) / 7.7-13.0 (9.8) / 2.8-15.7 (6.5)
PGC025 / 5.2-7.5 (7.1) / 7.4-10.6 (9.0) / 7.1-7.3 (7.2) / 7.0-7.3 (7.1) / 20.4-23.4 (22.1) / 10.1-13.2 (11.6) / 0.2-0.3 (0.2) / 0.1-0.8 (0.5) / 1.3-3.2 (2.3) / 5.5-21.6 (13.5) / 10.1-18.4 (14.2) / 6.25-10.0 (8.1)
PGC030 / 1.6-9.3 (7.4) / 9.1-11.9 (9.9) / 7.5-7.8 (7.7) / 7.2-7.7 (7.6) / 15.2-25.3 (21.7) / 8.5-17.3 (15.0) / 0.1-0.2 (0.2) / 0.01-1.0 (0.1) / 1.5-13.8 (3.4) / 2.0-17.0 (7.1) / 7.5-18.6 (9.4) / 2.7-15.8 (7.2)
PGC040 / 2.4-10.3 (5.3) / 6.4-10.6 (8.7) / 7.1-7.8 (7.6) / 7.2-8.2 (7.7) / 13.6-25.3 (21.1) / 7.8-16.6 (14.7) / 0.2-0.5 (0.3) / 0.2-0.4 (0.3) / 1.2-8.9 (3.2) / 4.5-81.1 (20.0) / 6.1-13.3 (9.0) / 5.7-13.4 (7.1)
PGC050a / 4.8 / 3.2-10.0 (7.8) / 7.2 / 6.9-7.7 (7.4) / 21.1 / 10.4-14.9 (13.5) / 0.3 / 0.2-0.3 (0.2) / 0.1 / 4.2-25.8 (13.1) / 10.9 / 6.7-21.6 (11.0)
GRY010a / 1.3-9.6 (8.3) / 8.4-11.1 (9.1) / 7.3-8.2 (8.0) / 7.2-7.7 (7.5) / 12.1-18.8 (16.2) / 9.5-17.0 (13.9) / 0.8-2.3 (1.6) / 0.3-1.1 (0.5) / 3.1-19.5 (6.8) / 43.6-844 (146) / 4.6-6.8 (4.9) / 8.0-12.5 (10.9)
GRY020 / 8.6-12.1 (10.4) / 9.2-11.2 (9.4) / 8.1-8.2 (8.1) / 7.4-7.9 (7.6) / 14-19.7 (17.7) / 9.4-17.4 (15.4) / 1.4-2.0 (1.8) / 0.3-1.2 (0.4) / 0.4-26.5 (2.9) / 11.9-471 (90.0) / 3.7-5.0 (4.1) / 3.7-15.0 (9.1)
GRY030 / 7.5-18.3 (12.5) / 6.9-10.5 (8.4) / 8.2-8.6 (8.3) / 7.6-7.7 (7.6) / 16.9-25.9 (20.4) / 10.0-16.4 (13.4) / 0.7-1.8 (1.3) / 0.2-0.5 (0.4) / 2.8-15.1 (6.5) / 61.3-116 (111) / 3.8-6.0 (4.4) / 4.6-16.4 (9.6)
MCC010 / 8.4-14.3 (9.9) / 9.0-11.4 (9.7) / 8.1-8.6 (8.2) / 7.6-8.0 (7.8) / 12.7-18.1 (16.9) / 11.4-18.1 (15.8) / 0.2-2.4 (2.0) / 0.3-1.2 (0.4) / 0.9-25.3 (7.2) / 3.8-1055 (67.6) / 2.5-6.2 (3.3) / 4.8-13.2 (11.8)
MCC020 / 8.1-14.0 (9.6) / 8.5-10.8 (9.3) / 8.2-8.5 (8.3) / 7.7-8.1 (7.9) / 11.0-17.7 (14.3) / 10.6-15.9 (15.5) / 1.1-1.9 (1.6) / 0.2-0.8 (0.5) / 0.7-21.3 (1.6) / 7.5-1010 (31.1) / 5.8-106 (7.0) / 5.0-15.7 (9.9)
MCC030 / 5.8-9.8 (8.6) / 9.1-10.3 (9.4) / 7.9-8.3 (8.2) / 7.2-7.5 (7.4) / 15.7-20.0 (18.6) / 12.2-17.6 (16.5) / 0.8-1.1 (1.1) / 0.1-0.2 (0.1) / 0-16.8 (3.0) / 9.3-543 (25.8) / 1.2-9.5 (2.0) / 4.8-9.6 (5.5)
MCC040 / 2.3-13.1 (8.5) / 8.7-10.8 (9.4) / 7.5-8.1 (7.8) / 7.6-7.8 (7.7) / 12.9-19.6 (16.8) / 11.7-18.6 (15.9) / 1.6-1.7 (1.6) / 0.1-0.3 (0.2) / 0-4.7 (0.8) / 11.3-542 (87.8) / 2.7-95.1 (3.5) / 4.0-9.5 (9.1)
aSingle value (no range or median) indicates only one event

Online Resource Table 3 Pesticides analyzed by the California Department of Food and Agriculture in water or sediment, with reporting limits. Specific methods can be found at http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/emon/pubs/em_methd_main.htm

Analyte Group (method)/Analytes / Extraction and Analysis / Reporting Limit (µg L-1) / Pesticide Properties of Analyte Group (main detected pesticides)a /
Carbamate Insecticides (EMON-SM 11.3) / Carbaryl: moderately water soluble (120 ppm), low affinity for soil and moderately mobile (log Kow, 2.36; Koc, 290), low soil persistence (half-life, 13-28 days), low volatility (vapor pressure, 0.04 mPa). Use: agricultural and home and garden insecticide for control of a broad spectrum of insects.
3-OH carbofuran, aldicarb, aldicarb sulfone, aldicarb sulfoxide, carbofuran, carbaryl, methiocarb, methomyl, oxamyl / Extract with methylene chloride, analyzed with HPLC with post column derivatization system and fluorescence detector. / 0.05
Fipronil Insecticides (EMON-SM 05-013) / Fipronil: low to moderate water solubility (1.9-3.8 ppm), moderate affinity for soil and slightly mobile (log Kow, 3.5-4.1; Koc, 825), high soil persistence (half-life, 142-188 days), low volatility (vapor pressure, 0.0004 mPa). Use: broad spectrum control of insects such as ants, cockroaches, mosquito, locust, ticks, and fleas.
fipronil (FP), FP desulfinyl, FP desulfinyl amide, FP sulfide, FP sulfone, FP amide / Extracted with methylene chloride, analyzed by gas chromatography/ mass selective detector (MSD) in selected ion monitoring (SIM) mode. / 0.05
Neonicotinoid Insecticides (EM 33.5) / Imidacloprid: high water solubility (514-610 ppm), low affinity for soil and moderately to highly mobile (log Kow, 0.57; Koc, 132-310), high soil persistence (half-life, 191 days), non-volatile (vapor pressure, 1.0 x 10-7 mPa). Use: agricultural and urban use to control sucking insects (aphids, thrips, whiteflies, leafhoppers) soil insects, termites, and some chewing insects (beetles); topical flea control on domestic pets.
Imidacloprid / Extracted with methylene chloride, concentrated, reconstituted in 1:1 methanol/water, analyzed by HPLC equipped with mass spectrometer. / 0.05
Organophosphorus Insecticides (EMON-SM 46-0) / Chlorpyrifos: low water solubility (1.05 ppm), high affinity for soil and non-mobile (log Kow, 4.7; Koc, 8151), low to moderate soil persistence (half-life, 21-50 days), volatile (vapor pressure, 1.43 mPa).
Diazinon: moderate water solubility (60 ppm), moderate to high affinity for soil and slightly mobile (log Kow 3.7; Koc, 609), low soil persistence (half-life, 9-18 days), volatile (vapor pressure, 11.97 mPa).
Malathion: moderate water solubility (148 ppm), moderate affinity for soil and slightly mobile (log Kow 2.75; Koc, 1800), low soil persistence (half-life, 0.2-1 days), volatile (vapor pressure, 3.1 mPa).
OP Use: control foliar and soil-borne insect pests on numerous food and feed crops.
azinphos methyl, dichlorvos, dimethoate, disulfoton, ethoprop, fenamiphos, fonofos, malathion, methidathion, methyl parathion, phorate, profenofos, tribufos (defoliant) / Extracted with methylene chloride, analyzed by a gas chromatograph equipped with flame
photometric detector. / 0.03 – 0.05
chlorpyrifos, diazinon / Above procedure but analyzed by mass selective detector. / 0.01
Pyrethroid Insecticides (water, EMON-SM-05-022; sediment, EMON-SM 52.9) / Bifenthrin: very low water solubility (0.001 ppm), high affinity for soil and non-mobile (log Kow, 6.6; Koc, 1.3-3.2 x 105), high soil persistence (half-life, 122-345 days), low volatility (vapor pressure, 2.4 x 10-2 mPa).
Cyfluthrin: very low water solubility (0.002 ppm), high affinity for soil and non-mobile (log Kow, 5.7-5.8; Koc, 1.2 x 105), low to moderate soil persistence (half-life, 14-33 days), low volatility (vapor pressure, 3 x 10-4 mPa).
Cypermethrin: very low water solubility (0.004 ppm), high affinity for soil and non-mobile (log Kow, 6.6; Koc, 1.6 x 105), low to moderate soil persistence (half-life, 12-60 days), low volatility (vapor pressure, 2.3 x 10-4 mPa).
Permethrin: very low water solubility (0.006 ppm), high affinity for soil and non-mobile (log Kow, 4.2-5.7; Koc, 1.0 x 106), low to moderate soil persistence (half-life, 4-42 days), low volatility (vapor pressure, 2 x 10-3 mPa).
Pyrethroid use: control chewing and sucking insects in agricultural and urban areas.
water: bifenthrin, cyfluthrin, cypermethrin, deltamethrin/tralomethrin, fenpropathrin, fenvalerate/esfenvalerate, λ-cyhalothrin, permethrin (cis, trans), resmethrin
(pyrethroid method cannot distinguish between analytes or isomers; Deltamethrin/tralomethrin will be referred to as deltamethrin in the text and fenvalerate/esfenvalerate will be referred to as esfenvalerate) / Extracted by liquid-liquid extraction with
hexane, analyzed by gas chromatography with electron capture detector. / 0.005 – 0.015
sediment method, same analytes, RL, µg kg-1 / Homogenized and extracted with 1:1 acetone/hexane; the extracts are cleaned with florisil and analyzed with a gas chromatography equipped with electron capture detector / 1.0
Photosynthetic Inhibitor Herbicides (EMON-SM 62.9) / Diuron: low water solubility (36 ppm), moderate affinity for soil and moderately mobile (log Kow 2.9; Koc, 418-813), moderate to high soil persistence (half-life, 76-134 days), low volatility (vapor pressure, 1.2 x 10-3 mPa). Use: preemergent and postemergent residual herbicide; controls broadleaf and annual grassy weeds.
Prometon: high water solubility (620 ppm), moderate affinity for soil but highly mobile (log Kow 2.9; Koc, 43), very high soil persistence (half-life, 500 days), moderate volatility (vapor pressure, 0.31 mPa). Use: preemergent control of annual and perennial broadleaf and grasses weeds in non-agricultural areas.
atrazine, ACET (deisopropyl atrazine), bromacil, DACT (diamino chlorotriazine), DEA (deethyl atrazine), diuron, hexazinone, metribuzin, prometon, prometryn, simazine, norflurazon (a phytoene desaturase inhibitor) / Eluted with 5% ammonium hydroxide in methanol, filtered, concentrated, reconstituted in 1:3 methanol/water and analyzed by APCI/LC/MS/MS / 0.05
Synthetic Auxin Herbicides (EMON-SM 05-012) / 2,4-D: high water solubility (23180 ppm), low affinity for soil and moderately mobile (log Kow, -0.83; Koc, 88), low soil persistence (half-life, 10 days), volatile (vapor pressure, 0.0187 mPa). Use: control of annual broadleaf weeds.
Dicamba: high water solubility (250,000 ppm), low affinity for soil and mobile (log Kow, -1.88; Koc, 2-5), low soil persistence (half-life, 4 days), highly volatile (vapor pressure, 1.7 mPa). Use: control of annual broadleaf weeds.
Triclopyr: high water solubility (440 ppm), low affinity for soil and moderately mobile (Koc, 27), moderate soil persistence (half-life, 30-90 days), low to moderately volatile (vapor pressure, 0.17 mPa). Use: control of woody plants and annual and perennial broadleaf weeds.
2,4-D, dicamba, MCPA, triclopyr / Extracted with methyl tertiary butyl ether, evaporated, then diluted to 1.0 mL with acetone. The extract is analyzed by a gas chromatograph equipped with a mass selective detector. / 0.1
Dinitroaniline Herbicides (EMON-SM 05-006) / Pendimethalin: low water solubility (0.3 ppm), high affinity for soil and non-mobile (log Kow, 5.2; Koc, 17581), moderate soil persistence (half-life, 90 days), volatile (vapor pressure, 1.9 mPa).
Prodiamine: very low water solubility (0.013 ppm), high affinity for soil and non-mobile (log Kow, 4.1; Koc, 12710), moderate to high soil persistence (half-life, 69-120 days), moderately volatile (vapor pressure, 0.003 mPa).
Oryzalin: low water solubility (1.1 ppm), moderate to high affinity for soil and slightly mobile (log Kow, 3.7; Koc, 949), moderate soil persistence (half-life, 98 days), non-volatile (vapor pressure, 1.1 x 10-7 mPa).
Dinitroaniline use: preemergent control of annual grasses and small seeded broadleaf weeds in agricultural and non-agricultural areas.
benfluralin, ethalfluralin, oryzalin, pendimethalin, prodiamine, trifluralin, oxyfluorfen (a diphenyl ether herbicide) / Extracted with methylene chloride, evaporated, then a solvent exchange with acetone. Analyzed with a gas chromatography with mass spectrometer operated in the single ion monitoring mode. Oryzalin is analyzed with liquid chromatography with mass spectrometer. / 0.05
aCDPR Environmental fate reviews (http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/emon/pubs/envfate.htm) and PPDB, pesticide properties database (http://sitem.herts.ac.uk/aeru/footprint/en/index.htm)

Online Resource Table 4 Matrix spikes (water) below (LCL) or above (UCL) laboratory quality control (QC) limits