Assess the Changes in Environmental Conditions;

Environmental Monitoring at W-Block, Greater Kailash-II, New Delhi

INTRODUCTION

The Environmental Monitoring was carried out by the environment team of Spectro Analytical Labs Ltd. at DLF Residential Complex at W-Block, Greater Kailash- II, New Delhi. Being a construction and development company DLF is very much concerned about to reduce the environmental impact due to its Constructional and Operational activities. The present work is concerning the existing environmental condition with respect to water, waste water, air and noise levels.

Environmental monitoring programme is a vital process of any management plan of the operational & development. This helps in signaling the potential problems that result in from the project and will allow for prompt implementation of effective corrective measures. The environmental monitoring will be required for both the construction and operational phases. The main objectives of environmental monitoring are:

Assess the changes in environmental conditions;

Monitor the effective implementation of mitigation measures;

Warn significant deteriorations in environmental quality for further prevention action.

In order to meet the above objectives the following parameters need to be monitored:

Water Quality;

Ambient Air and Noise quality

Scope of work and the detail of the sampling are given in the following paragraphs:-

SCOPE OF WORK

The scope for performing the environmental monitoring is already mentioned in the work order, which is briefly given for ready reference.

Monitoring of Ambient air quality for the parameters namely PM 10, PM 2.5, Sulphur dioxide (“SO2”) & Oxides of Nitrogen (“NO2”), Carbon Monoxide (“CO”), Ozone (“O3”), Lead (“Pb”), Ammonia (“NH3”), Benzene (“C6H6”), Benzopyrene (“BaP”), Arsenic (“As”), and Nickel (“Ni”), at the project site Monitoring of Ambient Noise Level Monitoring (24-hrs, day & night Leq) at two locations (one at the project site & other within the boundary of the project site).

Collection and Analysis of the Ground water samples from project site.
Collection and Analysis of Soil Sample from project site.
Monitoring of Ambient Noise Level (24 hrs) at the project site and at the project boundary

Abbreviations used in the Report

PM 10 = Particulate Matter (< 10 micron sized particle)

PM 2.5 = Particulate Matter (< 2.5 micron sized particle)

GL = Ground Level;

SO2 = Sulfur Dioxide

NO2 = Nitrogen Dioxide

AAQ = Ambient Air Quality

dB = decibel

N.D = Not detected

MDL = Minimum Detection Limit

INSTRUMENTS & APPARATUS

Air (Particulate Matter, PM 10) Monitoring Instrument

Instrument / Make / Model No. / Instrument
Identification No. / Range and Sensitivity
SPM/RSPM / Gases
Respirable Dust Sampler (RDS) / M/s. Spectro Instruments Pvt. Ltd. – New Delhi / SLE -RDS 103/SLE -GA 133 / SAL/RDS/10, 13 / 0.02 – 01.8 m3/min
±0.02 m3/min / 0.2 – 3 LPM
± 0.2 LPM

Filter Paper Details

APPRATUS / MAKE SIZE / SIZE / PRODUCT
CATEGORY NO.
Filter Paper / M/S Whatmann International Ltd. / 20.3 x 25.4cm / GF/A
CAT NO. 1820-866

Air (Particulate Matter, PM 2.5) Monitoring Instrument

Instrument / Make / Model No. / Instrument
Identification No. / Range and Sensitivity
PM
Fine Particulate Sampler / M/s. Spectro Lab Equipments Pvt. Ltd. / SLE-FPS 105 / SAL/FPS/01&2 / 16.67 LPM

Filter Paper Details

APPRATUS / MAKE SIZE / SIZE / PRODUCT
CATEGORY NO.
Filter Paper / M/S Whatmann International Ltd. / 47 mm / GF/A & EPM 2000

Noise (Sound) Measuring Instrument

Instrument / Make / Model No. / Instrument Identification / Detection Limit
Integrated Sound Level Measurement Instrument Standard Accessories / Baseline Technologies / 2001
A0907-980 / SAL/NOISE/INT/692 / Lo 30-100dB
Hi 60-130dB

Testing Methods Followed

RESULTS OF AMBIENT AIR QUALITY

RESULTS OF SOIL ANALYSIS

ID: 1110050079

Soil Analysis Report

S.No / TESTS / RESULTS
1 / pH value / 7.32
2 / Conductivity, milliohms/cm / 0.23
3 / Bulk Density (g/cc) / 1.42
4 / Total Nitrogen (as N), % w/w / 0.06
5 / Total Organic Matter, % w/w / 0.055
6 / Phosphates (as P), mg/kg / 4.89
7 / Sodium (as Na), mg/kg / 39.77
8 / Potassium (as K), mg/kg / 9.94
9 / Calcium (as Ca), mg/kg / 810.38
10 / Magnesium (as Mg), mg/kg / 47.23
11 / Water holding capacity, % w/w / 44
12 / Texture

Sand, % w/w
Silt, % w/w
Clay, % w/w

/ 62.58
26.69
10.73

Protocol: FAQ / IS: 2720

RESULTS OF NOISE MONITORING

ID: 1110050079

Date: 20/10/11 to 21/10/11

AMBIENT NOISE MONITORING REPORT (W-Block, Greater Kailash)

Location: Near Entry Gate

RESULTS OF WATER SAMPLE

ID: 1110050079

RESULTS OF RAW WATER

TESTS / RESULTS / LIMITS (MAX) / PROTOCOLS
Desirable / Extended
Colour, Hazen Units / <5.0 / 5 / 25 / IS- 3025(Pt-4): 1983
Odour / Unobjectionable / Unobjectionable / IS- 3025(Pt-5): 1983
Taste / Agreeable / Agreeable / IS- 3025(Pt-7&8): 1984
Turbidity, NTU / <1.0 / 5 / 10 / IS- 3025(Pt-10): 1984
pH Value / 7.58 / 6.5 to 8.5 / IS- 3025(Pt-11): 1984
Total Dissolved Solids, mg/l / 786 / 500 / 2000 / IS- 3025(Pt-16): 1984
T. Hardness (asCaCO3), mg/l / 404 / 300 / 600 / IS- 3025(Pt-21): 1983
Residual Free Chlorine, mg/l / 0.2 / 0.2 (Min) When Chlorinate / 45 of IS-3025: 1964
Chlorides (as Cl), mg/l / 195.68 / 250 / 1000 / IS-3025(Pt-32): 1984
Total Iron (as Fe), mg/l / 0.16 / 0.3 / 1.0 / 32 of IS- 3025: 1964
Fluorides (as F), mg/l / 0.37 / 1.0 / 1.5 / APHA-4500-D-F

BACTERIOLOGICAL TESTS

MONITORING AND ANALYSIS METHODOLOGY

The IS methods are followed to decide the monitoring stations, analysis of different sample and also alternative methods are used, where the cross verification is required.

[A] Ambient Air Quality Monitoring:

Two Respirable Dust Samplers (RDS) with gaseous attachment have been used for RSPM/SPM Sampling. RDS with Gaseous attachment assembly is used for the collection of gaseous pollutants such as SO2, NO2 and CO. The details of the instrument used for sampling is mentioned in the separate annexure under the heading of details of Instruments & Apparatus. For the measurement of fine particulate matter having an aerodynamic dia. Less than or equal to a nominal 2.5 micrometer (PM2.5). Draw ambient air at a constant flow rate of 16.67 Lpm .Total volume of the sampled air is automatically computed by the sampler from the measured sampling flow rate .the mass concentration of PM 2.5 particles in the ambient air is computed by dividing the total mass of collected particles by the total volume of sample air and is expressed in micro grams per cubic meter of air.37mm glass fiber filter and 1 ml of diffution oil or silicon oil.

For the collection of PM2.5 particulate matter we use 47mm PTFE (polytetrafluoro ethylene). The ambient air enter the sampler air inlet and pass through the size selective inlet particles larger then 10micro are separated . it then moves through down tube to the impacter where particles larger then 2.5 micro are cut off.the particles smaller then 2.5 micro are then collected on a filter paper (47mm PTFE ) mounted in a filter cassette and kept in a holder .

[B] Water Quality Survey:

Water samples were collected in Pre-sterilized sampling container. Chemical and Bacteriological analysis was carried out as per standard Methods for water and Wastewater Analysis, Published by IS, APHA, etc.

[C] Noise Level Measurement:

Instant sound level meter is used for the collection of data related to noise for continuous 24 hours and for D.G. Set. The details of the instrument used for the sampling is mentioned in the separate annexure under the heading of Details of instruments & Apparatus.

METHODOLOGY OF AMBIENT AIR QUALITY

PARTICULATE MATTER (PM 2.5)

Introduction

PM larger than 2.5 microns and less than 10 microns is mostly produced by mechanical processes. These include automobile tire wear, industrial processes such as cutting and grinding, and re-suspension of particles from the ground or road surfaces by wind and human activities.

PM less than or equal to PM2.5 is mostly derived from combustion sources, such as automobiles, trucks, and other vehicle exhaust, as well as from stationary combustion sources.

Methodology to Calculate PM 2.5

For the measurement of fine particulate matter having an aerodynamic dia. Less than or equal to a nominal 2.5 micrometer (PM2.5). Draw ambient air at a constant flow rate of 16.67 Lpm .Total volume of the sampled air is automatically computed by the sampler from the measured sampling flow rate .the mass concentration of PM 2.5 particles in the ambient air is computed by dividing the total mass of collected particles by the total volume of sample air and is expressed in micro grams per cubic meter of air .

37mm glass fiber filter and 1 ml of diffution oil or silicon oil.

CALCULATION

The PM 2.5 concentration is calculated

PM 2.5= (Wf- Wi) / Va

Wf= Final Weight (gm)

Wi= Initial Weight (gm)

Va= Total Air Vol. sampled in actual Vol. units (m3)

RESPIRABLE PARTICULATE MATTER

Principle

Ambient air laden with suspended particulates enters the system through the inlet pipe. As the air passes through the cyclone, coarse, non-Respirable dust is separated from the air stream by centrifugal forces acting on the solid particles. The separated particles fall through the cyclone’s conical hopper and collected in the sampling bottle placed at its bottom. The fine dust forming the repirable fraction of the total suspended particulate matter passes through the cyclone and is carried by the air stream to the filter paper clamped between the top filter cover and the filter adopter assembly. The respirable dust is retained by the filter and the carrier air exhausted from the system through the blower.

RESPIRABLE SIZE CUT OFF

The repirable dust standard recommended by the Central pollution Control Board is a 10 micron cut off size for respirable dust measurement. Moreover, the respirable tract like any other inspection centrifugal separation system retains particulates with varying densities at different levels. This implies that even relatively finer dust particles of materials having a higher specific gravit5y are likely to be retained in the upper respiratory tract while large particulates of lighter materials are likely to pass deeper into the respiratory system.

II) Procedure of sample collection:

Following steps are involved in the collection of samples;

a)Open the shelter of Respirable Dust Sampler (RDS), loosen the wing nuts and remove the retaining ring from the filter holder.

b)Mount a pre-weighted and numbered glass fibers filter paper in position with the rough side up and tighten the wing nuts.

c)Allow the RDS to run for the specified length of time (24 hrs)

d)During the sampling time, flow rate should be taken hourly

e)At the end of sampling remove the filter form the mount very carefully.

f)Fold the filter in half upon itself with the collected materials enclosed within.

g)Place the folder filter in a clean, tight envelope and mark it for identification.

h)Place the filter in a desicator.

ANALYSIS OF SAMPLES:

In a lab. remove the filter from the desicator and take out the filter paper from the envelope. Examine the inside surface of filter paper and with the pair of tweezers; remove any accidental objects such as insects. Dry the filter paper by keeping on watch glass in hot air oven at 1050 C for about one hour. Equilibrate the exposed filters for about one hour in desicator. Carry the desicator to the balance and weight on the analytical balance to the nearest 0.1-milligram.

I) Calculation of volume of air sampled:

V =Q x T

Where

V= Air volume sampled (m3 )

Q = Average flow rate ( m3 per minute)

T = Sampling Time (in minutes)

( Q1 + Q2)

Q = 2

Q1 = Initial sampling rate indicated by the orifice meter at the start of sampling

Q2 = Final sampling rate indicated by the orifice meter just before the end of sampling.

II) Calculations of mass concentration of Responded particulate Matter (RPM):

The mass concentration of RPM may be calculated as follows:

( Fw – Iw ) x 106

RPM (μg/m3) = ------

Where

Fw = Final weight of exposed filter paper in grams.

Iw = Initial weight of unexposed filter paper in grams.

V = Air volume sampled in cubic meter.

Weight of dust retained by the cyclone

SPM (μg/m3) = RPM (μg/m3) + ------

Volume of air sampled, m3

METHODS FOR DETERMINATION OF OXIDES OF NITROGEN IN AMBIENT AIR

Principle

The collection and fixation of nitrogen dioxide in air is done by scrubbing a known volume of air through a solution of basic sodium arsenate. The absorbed nitrogen dioxide is determined calorimetrically as the azo dye by using it to diazotize sulphanilamide in the presence of phosphoric acid at a pH of less than 2 and then coupling it with N-(1-Naphthyl)-ethylenediamine dihydrochloride. The method is standardized statically by using NaNO2 standard. Standardization is based upon the empirical observation that 0.74 mole of NaNO2 produces same colour as 1 mole of NO2. The absorbance of the highly colored azo dye is measured on a spectrophotometer at a wavelength of 540 nm.

Range and Sensitivity

Analysis in the range of 0.04 to 2.0 μg/ml can be performed by this method. The monitoring range of the method is 9 to 750 μg/ml. However, under certain conditions, with a sampling rate of 2.0 LPM for 24 hours, a sampling efficiency of 82% the range of the method is 9 to 450 μg/m3. Nitrogen dioxide in the range of 420-750 μg/m3 is accurately measured by 1.1 dilution of the collected sample.

THE GASEOUS SAMPLING ATTACHMENTS

A trapping is drawn from the suction side of the blower below the orifice plate assembly to provide suction for sampling air through a set of impingers. These impingers are housed in a separate enclosures and kept in an ice tray.

The separate enclosure and ice tray insulate the impingers from ambient temperature and heat generated in the motor of the blower. It has Gas Manifold and Rotameter to allow setting up of independent sampling rates through each of impingers.

The gaseous sampling attachment can easily be detached from the main sampler and transported and stored independently.

CALCULATION

I)The concentration of nitrogen dioxide in microgram per meter cube in the sample may be calculated as follows:

NO2 (μg/m3 ) = (A-Ao) x F x Vf

------

Va x Vt x 0.82

Where

A= Sample Absorbance

Ao= Reagent blank absorbance

INTERFERENCE

Sulphur dioxide is a major interference due to nitric oxide is positive while that due to carbon dioxide is negative. Interference from sulphur dioxide can be eliminated by converting it to sulphuric acid by the addition of hydrogen peroxide.

METHOD FOR DETERMINATION OF SULPHUR DIOXIDE IN AMBIENT AIR

Principle:

When sulphur dioxide from the air is absorbed in a sodium tetrachloromercurate solution it forms a stable sodium dichloro-sulphitomercurate solution. The amount of sulphur dioxide is then estimated by the colour produced when pararosaniline hydrochloride is added to the solution. The magenta colour is produced and estimated at 560 nm.

Range & Sensitivity

The measurement should be reported to the nearest 0.005 ppm at concentration below 0.15 ppm and to the nearest 0.01 ppm above 0.15 ppm.

Interference

Ozone and nitrogen dioxide interfere if presents in the air sample at concentration greater than sulphur dioxide. Interference of nitrogen dioxide is eliminated by adding 0.06 percent sulphamic acid in the absorbing reagent. Nitrogen dioxide interference may also be eliminated by adding 0.1 tuluidine after sample collection. Heavy metals interfere by oxidizing dichloro-sulphitomercurate during sampling collection. The interference is eliminated by adding EDTA in the absorbing reagent.

Procedure for gaseous sampling

8 hour sampling:

Place 30 ml of Tetra-Chloro-Mercurate (TCM) absorbing solution in the standard impinger. Connect the sampling tube leading for manifold of High Volume Sampler. Check the flow rate from rotameter; maintain the flow rate to accurately 1 LPM throughout the sampling period. Shield the absorbing reagent from the direct sunlight during the sampling and after sampling. During hot weather sampling is to be conducted by keeping the impingers impregnated in ice cubes.

24 hourly sampling

Place 50 ml of (TCM) solution in a large impinger and collect the sample at 1 LPM. Determine the air volume by multiplying the airflow rate by the time in minutes. The solution after the sample collection are relatively stable. At the temperature of 250C and above, the losses of SO2 occurs. Therefore, it is advisable to store the samples at 50 C till the analysis.

Analysis of samples

After receiving the sample in the lab. check the volume of absorbing media and record it. Normally the volume of absorbing reagent is likely to be reduced as a result of evaporation losses. Make up the evaporation loss by adding fresh, boiled cooled distill water.

Pipette 10 ml of aliquot from the sample into a 25 ml volumetric flask. Prepare a blank solution by measuring 10 ml of unexposed Tetra-Chloro-Mercurate (TCM) solution into 25 ml volumetric flask. Then add 1 ml sulphamic acid and allow to stand for 10 minutes for reaction, then ad 2 ml of formaldehyde and 2 ml of working parasaniline solution. Mix up thoroughly and make up it with freshly boiled and cooled distilled water to the volume. Take absorbance of the sample after 30 minutes at 560 nm on a spectrophotometer after setting the spectrophotometer at 0.00 absorbance with blank.

Calculation

I)The concentration of sulphur dioxide in microgram per meter cube in the sample may be calculated as follows:

(A-Ao) x F x Vf

SO2 (/m3) = ------

Va x Vt

Where

A= Sample Absorbance

Ao = Reagent blank absorbance

F = Calibration factor (g / absorbance unit)

Vf = Final volume of Sample (ml)

Va = Volume of air sampled (cubic meter)

Vt = Volume of sample taken for analysis

II)Conservation of microgram/m3 sulphur dioxide to parts per million (PPM) may be calculated as follows:

SO2 ppm = g SO2/3 x 3.82 x 10-4

Ammonia (as NH3)

Principle: Ammonia is collected in 0.1 N Sulphuric Acid Solution (H2SO4) in a midget impinger to form ammonium sulphate. The solution reacted with nessler reagent to produce a yellow brown complex & determine by colorimetric method at the wavelength 440 nm.

Procedure:

Sampling: Take 20 ml of absorbing solution in midget impinger. Attach the impinger to air sampling pump & draw air through impinger at a rate of 1 lpm for 1hr to 24 hrs. Record the volume of air sample.

Analysis: Take the sample in 50 ml volumetric flask containing 2 ml of alkaline tartrate and makeup to the mark with distilled water. Add 2 ml of nessler reagent to the flask & determine absorbance after 10 minutes at 440 nm in a spectrophotometer. Treat the blank in the same manner as the sample.

Calculation:

Ammonia, g/m3 = Abs  F  106

F- Factor

V- Volume of air sampled, liter

106 – Conversion from liter to cubic meter

Carbonmonoxide (as CO)

SAMPLING: Take the gaseous sample into a bladder through a suction pump.

ANALYSIS: Analyze it on the Gas Chromatograph.

CALCULATION:

Concentration of CO (ppm) = Sample Area x conc.of CO2 in Standard x vol. of standard

Standard Area x vol. of sample

Ozone in Ambient Air (O3)