Arab opposition to an Israeli state beganafter the Balfour Declaration 1917, which supported the idea of a Jewish national homeland. In the 1920s there were anti-Zionist riots in Palestine, then governed by the UK under a League of Nations mandate. In 1936 an Arab revolt led to a British royal commission that recommended partition (approved by UnitedNations 1947, but rejected by the Arabs).
Conflicting
This paragraph is conflicting
because of the red and pink
which signify positive, high
resonance meaning. The result
of this combination is outer and
closed, and according to Interest
Square Unity this is conflicting.
Tension in the Middle Eastremained high , and the conflict was sharpened
and given East-West overtones by Soviet adoption of the Arab cause and US
support for Israel.Several warsonly increasedthe confusion over who had sensitivity as an oil producer , pressure grew for a settlement , and in
1978 the Camp DavidAgreements brought peace between Egypt and Israel but
this was denounced by other Arab countries. Israel withdrew from Sinai
1979-82, but no final agreement on Jerusalem and the establishment of a
Palestinian state on the West Bankwas reached. Israeli occupation of the
Gaza Strip and the West Bankcontinuedinto the 1990s in the face of a
determineduprising (Intifada) but hope of a settlement emerged Sept 1993
with the signing of an Israeli-PLO preliminary peace accord.
Conflicting to Unifying
This paragraph has more
more green words and phrases
but there is still an amount of red,
and the pink is very obvious.
As a result, this paragraph is
conflicting to unifying.
During the 1960s there wasconsiderable tension between Israel and Egypt,
which, under President Nasser, had become a leader in the Arab world. His
nationalization of the Suez Canal 1956 provided an opportunity for Israel
with Britain and France, to attack Egypt and occupy a part of Palestine
that Egypthad controlled since 1949, the Gaza Strip , from which Israel
was forced by UN and US pressure to withdraw 1957 . Ten years later, in
the Six-Day War, Israel gained the whole of Jerusalem, the West Bank area
of Jordan, the Gaza Strip, the Sinai peninsula in Egypt,the Golan Heights
in Syria. All were placed under Israeli law, although Sinai was returned
to Egypt under the terms of the Camp David Agreements.Ben-Gurion resigned
1963 and was succeeded by Levi Eshkol, leading a coalition government, in
1968 three of the coalition parties combinedto form the Israel Labour
Party. In 1969 Golda Meir became Labour Party prime minister. In Oct 1973
, towards the end of her administration, the Yom Kippur War broke out on
the holiest day of the Jewish year.Israel was attackedby Egypt and Syria, and after nearly three weeks of fighting, with heavy losses , a cease-fire was agreed. Golda Meir resigned1974 and was succeeded by General Yitzhak Rabin, heading a Labour-led coalition.
Unifying
This paragraph still has
several pink words and
phrases, and the positive,
green outnumber the negative.
Series of wars between Israel and various Arab states in the Middle East
since the founding of the state of Israel 1948.
First Arab-Israeli War15 May 1948 - 13 Jan/24 March 1949.
------
As soon as the independent state of Israel had been proclaimed by the
Jews, it was invaded by combined Arab forces . The Israelis defeated them
and went on to annex territory until they controlled 75% of what had been
Palestine under British mandate.
Second Arab-Israeli War 29 Oct - 4 Nov 1956.
------
After Egypthad taken control of the Suez Canal and blockaded the Straits
of Tiran, Israel, with British and Frenchsupport, invaded and captured
Sinai and the Gaza Strip , from which it withdrew under heavy US pressure
after the entry of a United Nations force.
Third Arab-Israeli War 5-10 June 1967, the Six-Day War.
------
It resulted in the Israeli captureof the Golan Heights from Syria the
eastern half of Jerusalem and the West Bank from Jordan and, in the south
the Gaza Strip and Sinai peninsula as far as the Suez Canal.
Fourth Arab-Israeli War 6-24 Oct 1973 ,the October War or Yom Kippur War,
so called because the Israeli forces were taken by surprise on the Day of
Atonement, a Jewish holy day.
It started with the recrossing of the Suez Canal by Egyptian forces who
made initial gains , though there was some later loss of ground by the
Syrians in the north. The war had 19,000 casualties.
Conflicting
These short passages which
describe the Arab-Israeli wars are primarily red and pink. This
agrees perfectly with the concept
of Interest Square Unity because
since the paragraphs are about
war, the meanings will definitely
be positive and highly resonant,
and therefore conflicting.
Camp DavidAgreements
------
In the 1977 elections the Consolidation Party ( Likud ) bloc , led by
Menachem Begin, won an unexpected victory, & Begin became prime minister.
Within five months relations between EgyptIsrael changed dramatically,
mainly owing to initiatives by President Sadat of Egypt, encouragedby US
president Jimmy Carter. Setting a historical precedent for an Arab leader, Sadat visited Israel to address the Knesset 1977,and the following year the Egyptian and Israeli leaders met at Camp David, in the USA, to sign agreements for peace in the Middle East. A treaty was signed 1979, and in 1980 Egypt and Israel exchanged ambassadors, to the dismayof most of the Arab world.
Unifying
This paragraph about the
agreement is mainly in pink
and green. This agrees with
the meaning because the Camp
David agreement was an
attempt at unifying, positive
and highly resonant.
Fifth Arab-Israeli War
From 1978 the presence of Palestinian guerrillas in Lebanon led to Arab
raids on Israel and Israeli retaliatory incursions , but on 6 June 1982
Israel launched a full-scale invasion. By 14 June Beirut was encircled ,
& Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) & Syrian forces were evacuated
mainly to Syria 21-31 Aug, but in Feb 1985 there was a unilateral Israeli
withdrawal from the country withoutany gain or lossesincurred . Israel
maintainsa ‘security zone’ in S Lebanon and supportsthe South Lebanese
Army militia as a buffer against Palestinian guerrilla incursions.
Israel's alleged complicity in massacres in two Palestinian refugee camps
increasedArab hostility. Talks between Israel and Lebanon , between Dec
1982 and May 1983, resulted in an agreement , drawn up by US secretary of
state George Shultz,calling for the withdrawal of all foreign forces from
Lebanon within three months. Syria refused to acknowledge the agreement,
and left some 30,000 troops, with about 7,000 PLO members, in northeast ,
Israel retaliated by refusing to withdrawits forces from the south.
Isolated
This passage is mainly red
and the yellow outnumbers
the pink slightly. Therefore
the paragraph is closed and
inner, which means that it is
isolated.
Israeli forces withdraw from Lebanon
------
Meanwhile the problems in Lebanon continued. In 1984, under pressure from
Syria, President Gemayel of Lebanonabrogated the 1983 treaty with Israel, but the government of national unity in Tel Aviv continued to plan the withdrawal of its forces, although it might lead to outright civil warin Lebanon. Guerrilla groups of the Shi'ite community of south Lebanon tookadvantageof the situation by attacking the departing Israeli troops.
Israelretaliated by attacking Shi'ite villages . Most of the withdrawal
was complete by June 1985. Prime Minister Peres met King Hussein of
Jordan secretly in the south of France 1985, later, in a speech to the UN, Peres said he would not rule out the possibility of an international conference on the Middle East . PLO leader Yassir Arafat also had talks with Hussein and later,in Cairo, renounced PLO guerrilla activity outside Israeli-occupied territory . Domestically , government of national unity was having some success with its economic policies , inflation falling in 1986 to manageable levels, but from 1987 it was faced with an organized
Palestinian uprising in the occupied territories, the Intifada.
Conflicting to Unifying
This section starts off mostly
red and pink, then becomes
mostly green and pink. As a
result, it is conflicting to
unifying.
Political crisis
The Nov 1988 general election resulted in a hung parliament,after lengthy
negotiations, Shamir formed another coalition with Peres and the Labour
Party. Shamir'sharsh handling of Palestinian protests , and differences
over dealings with the PLO , broke the partnership March 1990 when the
coalition fell after a vote of no confidence. After three-month political
crisis , Shamir succeeded in forming a new coalition government which
included members of Likud and far-right nationalist and religious
parties.
Conflicting
Negative and highly resonant
terms are expressed in this paragraph
as can be seen in the use of
red and pink. Therefore this
section is conflicting.
Proposals for occupied territories
------
Egyptian president Hosni Mubarak proposed a ten-point programme for
elections in the occupied territoriesleading towards an unspecified form
of autonomousself-rule. Labour quicklyagreed to the provisions, and the
USAapproved the plan . In 1989 Likudaccepted some of the provisions but
remained opposed to any PLO role in the negotiations . In Oct 1990 the
killing of at least 19 Palestinians by Israeli troops on Jerusalem's
TempleMount drew widespreadinternational condemnation.
Unifying to Conflicting
This paragraph begins
positive, green, and highly resonant
pink, then becomes more negative,
red. This is because it begins
explaining the proposal, then
describes the following attack.
The meaning of this section
Is unifying to conflicting.
In Jan 1991 the Gulf War erupted with UN-coalition air raids against
Iraq. In retaliation, Scud missiles were launched against Israel and
Israel's nonretaliation was widely praised.
In Aug 1991 Shamiragreedto an amended Middle Eastpeace plan , and in
Sept released a number of Palestinian prisoners as part of a hostage
exchange.
Conflicting to Unifying
The paragraph begins conflicting
with mostly negative, red; then
becomes unifying as shown in the
green that expresses the positive
changes that were taking place.
Shamir loses majority
------
The extreme fundamentalists in Shamir's coalition withdrew their support
Jan 1992 because of their dissatisfactionwith Israel's participation in
the Middle Eastpeace talks . This left Shamir with the prospect of a
general election to try to restore his majorityin the Knesset . In Feb
1992 Yitzhak Rabin replaced Shimon Peres as leader of the Israel Labour
Party. In the national elections held June 1992 the Labour party defeated
Likud, and a month later Rabin was confirmed as the country's new prime
minister, heading the first Labor-dominated government since 1977. In Aug
1992 US-Israeli relations improvedwhen US president Bush & Rabin agreed
a loan pact to aid Israel's absorption of several hundreds of thousands
of Soviet Jewish emigrés . The move solvedan issue considered to be
a majorobstacle in the Middle East peace talks.
Expulsion of Palestinians
------
In Dec 1992, 400 Palestinians, alleged to be members of the Hamas Islamic
Resistance Movement, were expelled from Israel & the occupied territories
and obliged to set up camp in ‘no man’s land’ on the Lebanese border
(requests for asylum having been refused by Lebanon) . Despite subsequent
UN condemnation of the expulsion,Israeli government refused to reconsider
its decision.
In Jan 1993 the ban on contacts with the PLO was formally lifted, and in
Feb the government agreed to allow 100 of the 400 deported Palestinians
to return to Israel . This move was welcomed by the US government but
condemned as insufficient by Arabs . In March the Knesset elected Ezer
Weizman president , in the same month Binyamin ‘Bibi’ Netanyahu succeeded
Yitzhak Shamir as leader of the Likud party.The Middle East peace process
resumed in Washington in April , face-to face talks between Palestinians
and Israelis. Israelrenewed attacks against southern Lebanon in July in
an attempt to force Lebanese government to take action against Hezbollah
units based there, which had been attacking Israeli targets.The scale and
ferocity of the Israeli action brought widespread international criticism
and threatened to derail the Middle Eastpeace process.
Israeli-PLO peace accord
------
In Sept 1993, Rabin and PLO leader Yassir Arafat reached a preliminary
peace agreement in Washington, based on and providing mutual recognition
for limited autonomy in the Gaza Strip and West Bank town of Jericho and
a phased withdrawal of Israeli troops from the occupied territories . The
accord followed several months of Norwegian-mediated talks between Israel
and the PLO, made possible by Israel's recognition in Sept of the PLO's
right to participate in the peace process . In Dec 1993 the last of the
Palestinian deportees in S Lebanonwere allowed to return.
Talks on implementation of the Sept 1993 accord stalled after outbreaks
of extremist violence in the occupied territories , which began with the
massacre in Hebron of 39 Palestinian worshippers by an Israeli settler
Feb 1994. The talks resumed after UN condemnation of the massacre and in
May 1994 the first phase of the accord (the Gaza-Jericho agreement) was
finalized and signed in Cairo. By the end of the month Israeli troops had
been withdrawn (although many were relocated around Jewish settlements) &
a Palestinian police force had been drafted in to replace them . In July
1994 the 46-year-old ‘state of war’ with Jordan was formally ended and
a future peace with Syria seemed credible.In the same month Yassir Arafat
returned from exile to head an interim body , the Palestinian National
Authority (PNA) , appointed to govern the newly liberated territories
until the holding of free elections.
Nobel Prize for Peace
------
In Oct 1994 Rabin , Arafat , and foreign minister, Shimon Peres, were
jointly awarded the Nobel Prize for Peace. In Nov 1994, following several
attacks by militant suicide bombers , Israel closed its borders with the
Gaza Strip. A limited number of work permits were later issued , but the closures increased pressure on the largely PLO-dominated PNA , who since assuming power had to come to terms with the reality of a strong, & potentially hostile, fundamentalist presence in Gaza . In Feb 1995 the peace process stalled over the issues of militant violence and continuedIsraeli settlement, but later resumed. Rabin was assassinated following a peace rally in Tel Aviv Nov 1995.
----
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