APUSH Final Review
1492-1754 / 1754-1789 / 1789-1815 / 1815-1850 / 1850-1877Politics / - Civic humanism: ideology that celebrated public virtue and state service
- New moneyed elite joined with monarchs in Asia to lay the foundation for nation-states in Europe.
- After Spanish Conquistadors, Spanish government quickly created an elaborate bureaucratic empire.
- England became primary Protestant challenger to Spanish power.
- England and Spain power struggle, so the England started gaining more control over the colonies.
- Treaty of Tordesillas: divides Spanish and Portuguese claims in Western Hemisphere
- Spain and Portugal take lead roles in exploring New World
- Spain implements encomieda in Haiti
- New England Settlers took land away from Indians
- House of Burgesses established in Virginia as first representative government in New World
- Mayflower Compact drawn, establishing Plymouth Plantation colony as “civic body politic”
- Navigation Acts
- Restoration of the monarchy in 1660
- Proprietorships
- Witchcraft trials in Salem
- Bacon’s Rebellion
- Black Code
- Shift of power from wealthy to the colonial assemblies
- British Whigs in the House of Commons / - Men dominant
- Landed gentry
- First Continental Congress: response to the Intolerable Acts
- Shay’s Rebellion: farmers protesting debts; got people worried about federal government
- Albany Plan of Union: intercolonial congress sent to Albany by British Government
- Committeees of Correspondence: organizations formed by Smauel Adams to oppose British policy
- Proclamation of 1763: London government prohibited settlement of newly acquired land beyond Appalachians
- land conflicts over land rights: arose from landed gentry’s attempt to enforce long-dormant proprietary rights over tenants and squatters.
- Northwest Ordinance of 1787: stated the new lands acquired after America’s Independence would be relinquished to the central gov and used to form new states
- Stronger enforcement of Navigation Acts after the Great War
- British governmental bureaucracy grew larger
- Sugar Act
- Stamp Act
- President’s Cabinet: used to cover different areas of government
Treaty of Paris: founding treaty of America; officially recognized the colonies of America as their own country
- “Taxation without representation”
- Quartering Act: forced certain American colonies to provide food and shelter for British troops, led up to Revolutionary War
- New taxes were levied on paper, paint, glass, and tea.
- protests led to the repeal of the Stamp Act
- Boston Tea Party
- Federalist Papers: support federalism, central government, and ultimately the ratification of the Constitution
- Continental Congress: a new all-colony assembly
- Tea Act
- Sedition Act: anyone who opposed U.S. government would be punished; Federalist attack on Jefferson
- Coercive Acts, intended to make Boston pay for its tea party; bring MA into line as example to other colonies
Salutary Neglect – British policy declaring restriction of parliament power over colonist
- divided Second Continental Congress organized a Continental army
- Bill of Rights: James Madison created to protect people of America
- Continental Congress declares independence in 1776
- Articles of Confederation: renewed the Congress and America; precursor to Constitution
- Declaratory Act: response to parliamentary repeal of Stamp Act
Intolerable (Coercive) Acts: Laws passed by British Parliament response to Boston Tea Party
- First continental Congress: convention of delegates from British north American
- Sons of Liberty: took law into their own hands
- Policy of no taxation after the war
- Townshend Acts: made distinction between internal and external taxes; consisted of indirect customs duty payable at American ports
- Alliance with the French
- / -George Washington (1st President)
-Alexander Hamilton
-Whiskey tax
-Bill of Rights
-Judiciary Act of 1789
-Supreme Court
-First Bank of the U.S
-Washington D.C.
-John Adams (2nd)
-XYZ affair
-Alien and Sedition Acts
-Thomas Jefferson (3rd)
-Louisiana Purchase
-James Madison (4th)
-War of 1812 / -Era of Good Feelings
-James Monroe (5th)
-Monroe Doctrine
-Nationalism
John Quincy Adams (6th)
Andrew Jackson (7th)
-Industrial Revolution
-Universal Male Suffrage
-Indian Removal act
-Nullification Crisis
-Second Bank of the U.S
Martin van Buren (8th)
-Republican Motherhood
-William Harrison (9th)
-John Tyler (10th)
-Annex Texas
-James Polk (11th)
Mexican-American War
Economy / Fur trade
Slave Trade
Crops
- Fishing
- Sugar
- Plantations
- Tobacco
- Rice
- Indigo
Self-sufficient farms
English came to search for gold, civilizations like Aztec / ALEXANDER HAMILTON
-Federalist
- 1st sec. of treasury
- Assumption of state debts
- U.S. Mint
- 1st national bank
- protective tarrif
- Whiskey tax leads to whiskey rebellion
THOMAS JEFFERSON
- focused on agriculture
Lousianna purchase
- 3 million in gold
Industrialization = Rapid Growth / - Gold rush
- Manifest destiny
- Lowell Towns
- rise
ANDREW JACKSON
- Didn’t renew 1st National bank
- Created 2nd national bank after war of 1812
- Division between manufacturing and agriculture
- Agrarian nation to Industrialized power
Religion /
- 1540s and onwards: Spain establishes missions in an attempt to convert Indian peoples from their traditional religion to Catholicism
- 1620: settlement of Plymouth Colony by Pilgrims seeking religious independence from England
- 1630s: Puritans, English
- Protestants that wanted to purify church. Due to religious persecution – fled Europe, Separatists. John Winthrop, Increase Mather
- Within colonies, tax money used to subsidize chosen churches
- 1634: Maryland, Catholic haven
- Political/economic status often based/gained on status in church
- 1636: Rhode Island – established by Roger Williams who wanted religious pluralism
- Mid-Atlantic colonies, bastions of faith for those fleeing Europe. Faith-based communities, not economic
- 1648: Cambridge Platform – civil and religious government should not be in opposition
- 1649: Maryland Toleration Act
- 1654: Jews arrive in New Amsterdam (NYC)
- 1652: Quakers established in England, are persecuted for deviating from the orthodox church, flee
- 1663 – American Revolution: utopian communities established, Dutch Mennonites
- 1681: Pennsylvania (Quaker) established by William Penn
- 1692-93: Salem Witch trials hysteria in Massachusetts
- Deists, Baptists, Methodists all fairly prominent
- Deism: belief that there is a supreme being that doesn’t interfere with the natural world
- In South, evangelical planters control the government
- 1760s: Baptists create a more democratic denomination, including poor whites & slaves, higher standards of personal morality, opposed Anglican planters in the south
- 1774: Radical Christian Shaker sect appears, notable for gender equality
- 1775: The American Revolution polarized many religions: Quakers were pacifist, Church of England supported the king
- Religious rhetoric used during the Revolution served to justify it morally
1800 – Second Great Awakening: Started by Presbyterian ministers, focused on “unchurched”, Circuit Riders
Early 1800s - American Methodist Movement: Francis Asbury
1802: First mention of separation of church and state in letter addressed to Jefferson
Benevolent Societies: focused on saving lost souls / 1830 – Mormon church founded by Joseph Smith
1830’s – Adventism: William Miller, Second coming of Jesus Christ
1830’s - Transcendentalism
1832 - Restoration Movement: restore church and unify Christians
1833 – All states disestablished religion.
1850 – Third Great Awakening begins
Social Class/Gender / 1. Patriarchal society
2. Social Pyramid: Wealthy proprietors – yeomen classes – indentured servants - slaves
3. In South: rich planters dominated over yeomen farmers
4. In North: yeomen farmers were the majority
5. Men outnumbered women by a significant margin in the early colonies / Birth and pedigree were very important. Lowest=slaves, mostly in south. Split into three classes, domestic servants, body-servants, and server. Next was white indentured servants, who were criminals (not always criminals) sent to the colonies. The next higher class, the most numerous of all, comprised the traders, shopkeepers, and small farmers
Daughter of Liberty – women expressing more influence / - N.A. did not have any rights from the Whites. (yes we know it rhymes)
- in the southern frontier: arrival of cotton planters and slave systems helped farmers thrive.
- merchant capitalists: use commonwealth system to gain a higher place in society.
- slave owning planters: cast themselves as men of virtue and defenders of liberty
- slave ownership became concentrated in a southern aristocratic elite
- many white yeoman farmers became tenants of wealthy landowners
- African Americans developed their own unified culture
- in North: free blacks kept performing menial and low-paying work
- after 1807: slaves gain a little more control over terms of work, material maintenance, and their own lives.
Early 19th: evangelical Protestant began to view women as the principle figures responsible for establishing a moral and virtuous society
- women expected to play a higher moral role in society: filled public roles as teachers
- women began to advocate moral and social reform by preaching or speaking in public. / - transformed from an underdeveloped nation of farmers and frontiersmen into an urbanized economic powerhouse
- with industrial revolution: new middle class formed; comprised mostly of white-collar workers and skilled laborers
- urban inner cities became areas for poor and immigrants (Irish and German)
1820s: social and political equality for white men.
1820s: hereditary aristocracy; translated into universal suffrage for all free white males.
1820s: white women and free blacks saw their rights and status decline
1820s: authority of parents, particularly fathers, over children was greatly diminished
1820s: young adults married more for love rather to gain a place in society
1820s: allowed women more independence and equality with their husbands
- Benevolent Empire: middle-class men and women launched broad-ranging campaign of moral and institutional reform
- Republican motherhood: women became responsible for molding the nation’s future citizens
- although free blacks were still segregated they started to form their own culture/community in the North.
- Lowell girls: cheap labor force
- competition between smaller southern farmers and plantation owners.
- 1829 – 1837: Jacksonian presidency; Indian removal from lands
1838: trail of tears
- Individualism: individuals from social constraints
- Transcendentalism: changed the thoughts of people; nonconformist ideology
Science/Inventions / Blast Furnace
- 1492
- Iron smelting
- 1709 - Coke = More Efficient
Rifling
- More Accurate
Improved navigational techniques and charts
Improved Printing Press / INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
Spinning Jenny
- 1764
-Mass production of
textiles
Steam Engine
-1763-1765
- Suitable for factory machinery
Power Loom
-1785
Submarine
Steam ship
Flintlock Rifles
Automatic Mill
Art/Architecture / 1774 – 1905: Shaker furniture
European derivative art pre-Revolution / 1840 – 1876: American Revival style, bringing back the past
post-Revolution, begin to develop American style
abolitionist art & literature
Geography / 1790: Residency Act, DC is capitol
1795: Pinckney’s Treaty guarantees US navigation rights on Mississippi, defines of Spanish colonies
1803: Louisiana Purchase doubles the size of USA
Northwest Posts in Ohio Valley, prompt War of 1812
1811: Construction begins on one of first major US highways, National Road. / 1820: Missouri Compromise, prohibits slavery in Louisiana Territory north of 36º30’ except in Missouri. Adds Missouri and Maine to the US.
1831: Choctaws travel along Trail of Tears to reservations in Oklahoma.
1840s: settlers use Oregon Trail to reach Willamette Valley
1836 – 1846: Republic of Texas, breaks away from Mexico
1845: term “manifest destiny” coined, belief that US should spread to the West (aka the Great American Desert)
1848: Mexican Cession, Mexico surrenders what is now the southwestern US
Globalization / Exploration and Conquest
Proprietorships
Royal Colonies
Trade primarily with England / Trade with Britain until American Revolution
Then France and Spain / More focus internally than across the ocean besides trade with Europe / Monroe Doctrine (1823)
Expansion of US influence in Americas
Trade with Britain after War of 1812
Reform / Convert Native Americans to Christianity
Protestant revolution / Attempt to reform British Taxes (Tea Party)
Declaration of Independence
Valley Forge-new special training program- Baron von Streuben
Articles of Confederation / Second Great Awakening
New Religions (Mormons, Baptists, and Shakers)
Rise of Baptists and Methodists
Utopian societies (Brook Farm and Oneida Community)
Political reform (defining the presidency) / Movements for temperance, women’s rights, abolition, labor reform
Missouri Compromise- prohibited slavery north of southern Missouri border
Industrial Revolution
Environment / -
War/Diplomacy / England with full control of colonies
Cooperation w/ England
War of Austrian Succession
War of Spanish Succession / French and Indian War
Delegation with Ben Franklin and John Adams to end “excessive” taxation
Revolutionary War
(Causes: Boston Massacre
The Intolerable Acts)
(Battles:
Lexington and Concord
Fort Ticonderoga
Battle of Bunker Hill (Breed’s Hill)
Battle of Princeton
Battle of Quebec
Battle of Saratoga
Siege of Charleston
Battle of Yorktown
Naval Battles-Continental Navy comprised of mercenaries- John Paul Jones
Alliance With France
Treaty of Paris 1783 / 1794: Whiskey Rebellion
1798-1800: Franco-American Naval War
1801-1805; 1815: Barbary Wars
1803: Louisiana Purchase
1812-1815: War of 1812
1813-1814: Creek War
1817-1818: First Seminole War
Isolationist Foreign Policy / 1823: Monroe Doctrine
1832: Black Hawk War
1835-1842: Second Seminole War
1836: Texas Revolution
1846-1848: Mexican-American War
Manifest Destiny