Applied Grammar Basics & Equations

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Applied Grammar Basics & Equations

The 8 Parts of Speech

N—Noun (person, place, thing, idea—can be singular or plural): concrete nouns = doctor, home, table; abstract nouns = beauty, courage, peace.
PRO—Pronoun (are used in place of nouns to avoid repetition): personal pronouns = I/me/my, his/he/him, it, they/their, etc.; reflexive pronouns = myself, herself, themselves, etc.; interrogative pronouns = which, who, whom, whose; demonstrative pronouns = this, that, these, those; indefinite pronoun = anyone, someone, something, everyone, anything, etc.
V—Verb (action word or state of being—can be in any tense): run/ran is/was/were.
ADJ—Adjective (describes noun): large, hairy, sharp, fast, beautiful, wealthy, insane, big, fuzzy, long-winded, crazy, serene, intelligent, skilled, obstreperous, funny, long, dying.
ADV—Adverb (describes verb, often in form of adjective + -ly; also may describe adjectives & other adverbs): darkly, quickly, morosely, long-windedly, sometimes, soon, later, again, seldom, today, never, always, etc.
PREP—Preposition (see list)
CONJ—Conjunction (connects words, phrases or clauses together): FANBOYS (For, And, Nor, But, Or, Yet, So); also SUB-CONJ—Subordinate Conjunction(comes at the beginning of a dependent clause): because, that, if, since, etc.
INT—Interjection (expresses emotion; does not relate grammatically to the rest of the sentence): wow, hey,cheers, oh, oops

Other Important Grammatical Terms

ART—Article (a kind of adjective) definite article = the; indefinite article = a/an.
PART—Participle (looks like a verb, but functions like an adjective. It needs a linking verb or an action verb to complete a sentence. To form, add a suffix to an action verb like –en or –ing or sometimes –ed): (is) beaten, (is) walking, jilted boyfriend, working woman.
GER—Gerund (looks like a verb, but functions like a noun. To form, add –ing): “I like skiing”; “shopping is my hobby”
LV—Linking Verb (a verb that links the subject to the predicate by functioning like an equal sign. Examples: is, are, will be, was, becomes, seems, appears): “She is a doctor.” “He seems afraid.” Exception: In the sentence “Who is singing?” is is a helping verb that is part of the present progressive form of the verb sing.
HP—Helping Verb (sometimes called Auxiliary Verb; it teams with a main verb to form a verb phrase): is studying, has bought, will be growing, could come, might run, etc.
INF—Infinitive (“to” + verb): to sleep, to dream, to write, etc.

Types of Phrases

NP—Noun Phrase (typically ART + ADJ + N “the blue dog”)
VP—Verb Phrase (also called predicate, typically ADV + V “ran fast”; V + NP “gave some money”; V + PP “jump off the bridge”)
PP—Prepositional Phrase (preposition and any noun phrase—for example, PREP + ART + ADJ + N “through the dark woods”)
PART P—Participial Phrase (participle and any noun phrase or prepositional phrase—“Seeing her mother again, she felt unbridled joy.” “Working around the clock, the firefighters managed to put out the fire.” “Frozen since December, the pond is now safe for skating.”)
GER P—Gerund Phrase (gerund and any noun phrase or prepositional phrase—“Watching television is not my thing.”“Cramming for tests is not a good idea.”)
INF P—Infinitive Phrase (infinitive and any noun phrase or prepositional phrase—“To own a tarantula, you have to be fearless.” “He managed to kick the ball past the dazed goalie.”

Common Prepositions

*about

*above

*according to

*across

*across from

*after

*against

*ahead of

*along

*alongside

*along with

*amid

*amidst

*among

*amongst

*anti

*apart from

*around

*as

*as for

*aside from

*as to

*astride

*at

*away from

*bar

*barring

*because of

*before

*behind

*below

*beneath

*beside

*besides

*between

*beyond

*but

*by

*by means of

*circa

*close to

*concerning

*considering

*contrary to

*depending on

*despite

*down

*due to

*during

*except

*except for

*excepting

*excluding

*following

*for

*forward of

*from

*in

*in between

*including

*in favor of

*in front of

*in lieu of

*inside

*inside of

*in spite of

*instead of

*into

*irrespective of

*like

*minus

*near

*near to

*next to

*notwithstanding

*of

*off

*on

*on account of

*on board

*onto

*on top of

*opposite

*opposite to

*other than

*out of

*outside

*outside of

*over

*owing to

*past

*pending

*per

*plus

*preparatory to

*prior to

*regarding

*regardless of

*round

*save

*save for

*since

*than

*thanks to

*through

*throughout

*till

*to

*together with

*toward

*towards

*under

*underneath

*unlike

*until

*up

*up against

*upon

*up to

*up until

*versus

*via

*vis-à-vis

*with

*within

without

4 Types of Sentences

1. A simple sentence has the basic elements that make up a sentence: a subject and a verb phrase or predicate. Examples:

Jose waited for the train. "Jose" = subject, "waited" = predicate (verb + prepositional phrase)
The train was late. "The train" = subject, "was late" = predicate (linking verb + adjective)
Jose and Rebecca took the bus. "Jose and Rebecca" = compound subject, "took the bus" = predicate (verb + noun phrase)
I looked for Jose at the bus station. "I" = subject, "looked for Jose at the bus station" = predicate (verb + prepositional phrase + prepositional phrase)

2. A compound sentence refers to a sentence made up of two independent clauses (or complete sentences) connected to one another with a coordinatingconjunction (FANBOYS). Examples:

Jose waited for the train, but the train was late.
I looked for my friends at the bus station, but they arrived at the station before noon and left on the bus before I arrived.
My friends arrived at the bus station before noon, and they left on the bus before I arrived.
My friends left on the bus before I arrived, so I did not see them at the bus station.

3. A complex sentence is made up of an independent clause (a clause that can also stand alone as a simple sentence) and one or more dependent clauses connected to it. Some examples of dependent clauses are “because we arrived at the bus station before noon”; “while he waited at the train station”; “after they left on the bus”. Dependent clauses cannot stand alone as a sentence, but they can be added to an independent clause to form a complex sentence. Dependent clauses often begin with subordinating conjunctions, such as after, although, as, because, before, even though, if, since, though, unless, until, when, whenever, whereas, wherever, that, why, and while, but may also begin with infinitive phrases or participial phrases.Examples of complex sentences:

Because Jose and Rebecca arrived at the bus station before noon, I did not see them at the station.
While he waited at the train station, Jose realized that the train was late.
After they left on the bus, Jose and Rebecca realized that I was waiting at the train station.
I did not see Jose and Rebecca at the station because they arrived at the bus station before noon.
Jose realized that the train was late while he waited at the train station.
Jose wondered why the train was late.
To get to the train station on time, Jose left home an hour early.
Seeing Rebecca after a long time, Jose realized she had changed a lot.

4. A compound-complex sentence has one complex sentence joined to a simple sentence with a conjunction. Examples:

While Tom reads novels, Jack reads comics, but Sam only reads magazines.
Although thought to be indestructible, the Twin Towers fell on Sept. 11, 2001, and that forever changed the NYC skyline.

Name______Per____Date_____Applied Grammar Exercises

Write simple sentences using the following formulas:

N V.

ART N V.

ART N ADV V.

ADV ART N V.

ADV ARTADJ N V.

ART N CONJART N V.

ART ADJ N PREP ART N V.

ART ADJ N PREP ART ADJ N V.

ART ADJ ADJ N PREP ART ADJ N ADV V.

PRO CONJ PRO V PREP ART ADJ N.

GER LV PRO ADJ N.

GER PREP ART N ADV V.

INT, PRO ADJ ADJ N V PREP ART N.

Write compound sentences using the following formulas:

N V PREP ART N, CONJ ART N LV ADJ.

PRO V PREP ART N, CONJ PRO ADV V PREP ART ADJ N.

Write complex sentences using the following formulas:

N V SUB-CONJ N V.

SUB-CONJ N V, PRO V PREP ART N.

ADV PRO V PREP ART N SUB-CONJ ART N V.

INF PREP ART N, PRO ADV V.

PART N ADV, PRO V ADJ N.

Write AND LABEL sentences using the following formulas. Be mindful of punctuation.

NP VP. EX: (The blue dog) (runs slowly.)

PP, NP VP PP.

NP CONJ NP VP PP.

PP CONJ PP, NP CON NP VP.

PART P PP, NP VP.

PART P, NP V INF PP.

INF ADV PP LV PRO N.

PART P CONJ PART P, PRO VP PP.

PP, PRO VP CONJ VP.

PART P, NP LV PART P.

PP, PP, PP, CONJ PP, NP, VP PP.

PP CONJ PP, NP CONJ NP VP.

NP V INF PP, CONJ PRO VP PP.

PART P, PRO VP PP.

INT! ART ADJ, ADJ N VP PREP ART ADJ, ADJ N

Create four of you own equations but don’t write out sentence.

Applied Grammar Basics & Equations

Name: ______Period: ______

Applied Grammar Basics & Equations

Name: Period: