The following is a breakdown of Section C:
Applied Anatomy and Physiology
Ensure you learn all the parts listed and you will fly through your exam!!!
This section needs to be linked to another section, ‘Factors Affecting Participation and Performance’
Bones
You should be able to:
-Understand the term ossification
-Identify the composition of bones
-Explain the main functions of the skeleton
-Be able to identify the main bones in the body and explain their importance in relation to specific sporting activities
-Be able to classify bones and provide examples
-Relate different bones to joint movements during sporting activities
-Explain the importance of diet and exercise in maintaining bone strength
Joints, Tendons and Ligaments
You should be able to:
-Define the term joint and understand its importance and usage in exercise and sport
-Name and locate the components of a synovial joint and explain its structure
-Describe cartilage and its function, in sporting activities and relation to joints in the body
-Recognise and describe the types of joints-hinge, pivot, ball and socket
-Describe the range of movement at specific joionts: flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, rotation as related to particular skills and sporting actions
-Recognise and describe the differences between ligaments and tendons, in terms of structure to which they are attached
Muscle and Muscle Action
You should be able to:
-Classify muscles-involuntary, voluntary and cardiac
-Describe the whereabouts and functions of the main muscles in the body
-Give examples of each muscle type and identify their importance in relation to sport
-Explain the functioning of antagonistic pairs of muscles and be able to explain their importance specifically to sporting actions
-Explain what is meant by fast and slow twitch muscles and explain their relevance to specific sports
-Describe posture and explain its importance
-Explain how muscle strength, endurance and size and action can be improved by training for sports, daily life and rehab
The Circulatory System
You should be able to:
-Identify the atria, ventricles, septum, tricuspid, bicuspid (mitral) and semi-lunar valves, aorta, vena cava, pulmonary artery and pulmonary vein and explain their importance in the circulatory system and specifically understand how they can be affected by exercise
-Describe how the heart acts as a pump in a double circulatory system, specifically during the stress of exercise and physical activity
-Define heart rate, stroke volume and cardiac output and explain the effects of physical exercise in relation to changes in them
-Compare arteries, capillaries and veins (including reference to de-oxygenated and oxygenated blood) in terms of thickness of vessel wall, internal lumen, presence or absence of valves, blood pressure and direction of blood flow. Explain how these might be affected under the stress of exercise and competition
-Describe the functions of red cells, white cells, platelets and plasma in terms of transport and body defence. Describe their importance in relation to sports potential, exercise, training and competiton
The Respiratory System
You should be able to:
-Identify the positions of the larynx, trachea, bronchi bronchioles and alveoli and explain the effects of exercise upon them
-Describe the functions of the naval passages and the lungs with respect to sporting activities and the effects of exercise upon them
-Describe the mechanisms of breathing (inspiration and expiration) and rest and explain, with reference to the ribs and diaphragm, the adaptations resulting from exercise
-Describe the biomechanical aspects of respiration, especially the need to support exercise, with particular reference to the use of glucose and oxygen
-Describe the production of carbon dioxide, water and the release of energy in response to physical activity and compare normal conditions with training and competition
You should be able to show the importance of the following in relation to planning, performing and evaluating a Personal Exercise Programme
-The relative composition of inhaled and exhaled air
-The terms:
Oxygen debt
Vital Capacity
Tidal Volume
As bought about by physical exercise
-The terms aerobic and anaerobic exercise and recognize their role in relation to exercise
-Lactic acid production in muscles and its effects during exercise
The following is a breakdown of Section A:
Exercise and Training
Ensure you learn all the parts listed and you will fly through your exam!!!
This section needs to be linked, ‘Factors Affecting Participation and Performance’, make sure you know how to and why people get involved in sport and understand why it is important to have a healthy lifestyle. You should be able to relate these factors to your chosen activity.
Reasons for Taking Part in Activity
You should be able to:
-Recognise how physical activity:
-Helps the individual to feel good d look good
-Enhances the body shape
-Contributes to good health and enjoyment of life
-Understand how physical activity can help relieve stress/tension and stress related illness
-Recognise and explain how membership of sporting clubs and particiption in sporting activities stimulates:
-Co-operation
-Competition
-Physical challenge
-Aesthetic appreciation
-Recognise and explain how physical activity encourages the development of friendships and social mixing
Health, Fitness, Exercise and Performance
You should be able to:
-Define health (“A complete state of complete mental, physical and social well-being, and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity) and explain how it can be achieved
-Define fitness (‘The ability to meet the demands of the environment’) and explain this in respect of physical activity
-Explain performance in terms of how a task is completed
-Define exercise (‘A form of physical activity done primarily to improve one’s health and physical fitness’) and explain this in respect to physical activity
-Define cardiovascular fitness and explain its importance to a healthy lifestyle
-Define the terms:
-Muscular strength
-Muscular endurance
-Flexibility
-Body composition
and explain how they are important in the performance of physical activities
-Identify specific activities and explain why they are suitable to improve the above areas of fitness
Skill Related Fitness
You should be able to:
- Define the terms:
-Agility
-Balance
-Co-ordination
-Power
-Reaction time
-Speed
-Explain how and why each factor is important and relate to a sporting situation/skill
Principles of Training
You should be able to:
-Define and explain the terms:
-Overload
-Progression
-Specificity
- Describe what is meant by:
-Meeting individual needs
-Thresholds of training
- Explain the FITT principle
- Understand and explain the use of these principles and show how they may be applied in planning a PEP to improve cardiovascular fitness, muscular strength, muscular endurance and flexibility.
Methods of Training
You should be able to:
-Describe, with examples, isotonic and isometric contraction and explain the difference between them in relation to sporting activities
-Describe what is meant by, circuit, weight, interval, fartlek and continuous training and explain why each is important to different sports
-Plan, perform, monitor and evaluate a 6 week Personal Exercise Programme, relating it to the Principles of Training
-Show an understanding of an exercise session (warm up, main section, cool down)
-Explain the role of aerobic and anaerobic activity in relation to exercise
-Describe the immediate effects of activity, effects of regular training/exercise and the long term benefits of exercise on the bones, joints and muscles
-Describe the immediate effects and long term benefits of activity on the respiratory and cardiovascular systems
-Understand what is meant by recovery rates, plot examples on a graph and evaluate results
-Graphically demonstrate and explain the use of target zones
The following is a breakdown of Section B:
Safety Aspects and Risk Assessment in Sport and Physical Activity
Ensure you learn all the parts listed and you will fly through your exam!!!
Prevention of Injury
You should be able to:
- Understand the values of:
-The rules of different games
-Correct clothing/footwear, protective clothing/equipment for different sports
-Balanced competition in terms of grading/skills/levels/weight/sex
-Warm up and cool down practices
Sports Injuries
You should be able to recognize the basic signs and symptoms of the conditions listed below. You should also be able to identify the risks and explain the preventative measures that should be taken.
-Fractures
-Joint Injuries-dislocation, tennis elbow, cartilage of the knee, twisted ankle
-Unconsciousness/concussion
-Soft tissue damage
-Skin damage: cuts/grazes/blisters
-Dehydration/hypothermia
-DRABC and resuscitation
-Recovery position
-RICE