Appendix Table 2. Outcome Measures

Appendix table 2. Outcome measures

Authors / Method of HRV evaluation / Outcome measure / CG Baseline / CG after treatment / DG baseline / DG after treatment / Treatment effect / Reported Effect
Howorka et al., 1997 (46) / ECG. / LF (ms2)
HF (ms2)
MSSD / Non CAN
7.1 ± 0.1
Non CAN
6.2 ± 0.3
Non CAN
1848 ± 375 / Non CAN
7.6 ± 0.3
Non CAN
6.6 ± 0.4
Non CAN
3339 ± 797 / Early CAN
5.6 ± 0.1
Severe CAN
4.1 ± 0.3
Early CAN
5.1 ± 0.2
Severe CAN
3.7 ± 0.5
Early CAN
636 ± 115
Severe CAN
201 ± 51 / Early CAN
6.3 ± 0.1
Severe CAN
4.1 ± 0.4
Early CAN
5.8 ± 0.1
Severe CAN
3.4 ± 0.7
Early CAN
1062 ± 372
Severe CAN
227 ± 132 / 0.71
-
0.57
-1.3
3.5
57.35 / *
=
*
=
*
=
Loimaala et al., 2003 (37) / ECG (10 min of supine rest). / SDNN (ms)
pNN50 (%)
LF (ms2)
HF (ms2)
VLF (ms2)
LF/HF ratio (ms2) / 84 ± 23
8.9 ± 9.5
731 ± 488
266 ± 268
2.07± 1.28
0.33 ± 0.22 / 84 ± 25
9.6 ± 10.4
785 ± 563
307 ± 296
2.11± 1.30
0.37 ± 0.29 / 74 ± 20
5.7 ± 6.1
578 ± 337
207 ± 264
1.60 ± 674
0.32 ± 0.16 / 79 ± 17
7.6 ± 6.5
666 ± 373
271 ± 313
1.90 ± 933
0.39 ± 0.24 / 0
0.37
0.61
0.64
0.35
0.57 / =
=
=
=
=
=
Bhagyalakshmi et al., 2007 (47) / Deep breathing heart rate test during a ECG. / HRV (beats/min) / 14.85 ± 1.15 / 14.30 ± 1.75 / 13.03 ± 1.08 / 16.50 ± 1.11 / -0.16 / *†||
Figueroa et al., 2007 (45) / ECG (5 min of supine rest). / LF (ms2)
HF (ms2)
LF/HF (ms2) / 4.6 ± 0.2
5.2 ± 0.2
0.89 ± 0.04 / 4.9 ± 0.4
5.3 ± 0.3
0.95± 0.05 / 4.4 ± 0.4
4.4 ± 0.4
1.01 ± 0.06 / 4.8 ± 0.2
5.2 ± 0.4
0.93 ± 0.05 / 0.75
0.13
-0.75 / =
=
=
Pagkalos et al., 2008 (36) / 24 hours ambulatory ECG monitoring (Holter). / SDNN
RMSSD
PNN50
LF (ms2)
HF (ms2)
LF (nu)
HF(nu)
LF/HF ratio (ms2) / 92.2 ± 19.9
13.4 ± 4.0
0.5 ± 0.7
259.4 ± 156.9
56.6 ± 38.5
79.8 ± 10.6
17.9 ± 6.6
5.0 ± 2.0 / 109.5 ± 19.9
18.1 ± 5.2
2.5 ± 3.1
382.7 ± 208.0
94.5 ± 51.2
76.0 ± 5.8
19.5 ± 6.5
4.4 ± 1.6 / 127.1 ± 12.6
19.7 ± 5.4
2.8 ± 3.0
519.0 ± 265.9
108.2 ± 67.1
85.2 ± 15.7
16.6 ± 6.8
6.1 ± 3.3 / 144.7 ± 19.3
22.7 ± 7.4
4.7 ± 4.5
607.2 ± 357.8
136.7 ± 95.5
77.9 ± 7.7
18.1 ± 7.0
5.2 ± 2.4 / 0.98
1.57
1.05
1.40
1.33
0.52
1.06
0.67 / * §†
* §†
* §
§†
§
*
=
*
Zoppini et al., 2007 (44) / ECG (10 min). / Lying
RR
LF (ms2)
LF (nu)
HF (ms2)
HF (nu)
LF/HF (%)
Total power (ms2)
Standing
RR
LF (ms2)
LF (nu)
HF (ms2)
HF (nu)
LF/HF (%)
Total power (ms2) / NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR / NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR / 820 (762–930)
119 (60–385)
53.9 (37.0–76.5)
27.5 (15.5–110.7)
16.8 (10.6–40.3)
3.9 (1.0–6.5)
542 (205–1455)
788 (702–867)
76 (47–112)
73.5 (56.3–85.7)
16.0 (11.0–60.7)
16.9 (9.8–23.7)
4.5 (1.7–8.0)
319 (145–629 / 840 (782–998)
82 (45–289)
40.6 (23.5–74.9)
58.5 (17.7–187.7)
30.1 (11.7–58.3)
1.2 (0.4–4.2)
470 (266–1609)
756 (697–914)
89 (13–179)
49.8 (25.0–73.7)
52.0 (8.8–239.5)
26.1 (18.9–48.5)
1.9 (0.6–4.0)
572 (150–1143) / NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR / =
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
*
=
*
*
=
Kanaley et al., 2009 (28) / ECG (5 min). / Total power (ms2) / 6.7 ± 0.1 / 7.0 ± 0.1 / 6.5 ± 0.2 / 6.58 ± 0.2 / 3.75 / §
Goulopoulou et al., 2010 (43) / ECG (5 min of supine rest). / Total power (ms2)
LF/HF power (ms2)
LF (ms2) / 1267 ± 190
85 ± 13
5.5 ± 1.5 / 1574 ± 202
75 ± 10
6.3 ± 1.1 / 902 ± 238
91 ± 16
80 ± 12 / 927 ± 253
80 ± 12
5.2 ± 3.3 / 12.28
0.90
-0.01 / ¶
=
=
Sridhar et al., 2010 (27) / Deep breathing heart rate test during a standard ECG. / HRV (beats/min) / 14.48 ± 0.73 / 14.12 ± 0.65 / 13.27 ± 1.9 / 17.73 ± 0.94 / -0.08 / *†
Simmonds et al., 2012 (35) / RR intervals were recorder during 10 min (Polar s810). / RR
SDNN
RMSSD
LF (ms2)
HF (ms2)
LF/HF ratio (ms2) / 961 ± 79
17.3 ± 7.5
18.5 ± 8.4
4.9 ± 1.0
4.9 ± 0.9
1.02 ± 0.19 / 948 ± 94
14.5 ± 4.6
15.0 ± 4.5
4.4 ± 0.7
4.2 ± 0.5
1.04 ± 0.15 / 891 ± 98
13.8 ± 9.0
14.2 ± 10.5
4.2 ± 1.4
4.0 ± 1.1
1.06 ± 0.25 / 928 ± 108
17.8 ± 10.1
18.4 ± 11.2
4.5 ± 1.4
4.5 ± 1.1
0.99 ± 0.13 / -0.35
-0.7
-0.83
-1.67
-1.4
-0.29 / =
*
*
=
*
=
Faulkner et al., 2014 (41) / 24 hours ambulatory ECG monitoring (Holter). / Total power (ms2)
HF (ms2)
LF (ms2)
SDNN
SDANN
PNN50
RMSSD / 8.3 ± 0.9
6.8 ± 1.0
7.0 ± 1.0
150 ± 46
127 ± 37
23 ± 15
72 ± 37 / 8.0 ± 1.0
6.5 ± 1.1
6.7 ± 1.1
148 ± 57
127 ± 52
19 ± 12
62 ± 36 / 7.6 ± 0.6
6.0 ± 0.8
6.4 ± 0.5
108 ± 22
94 ± 22
11 ± 6
41 ± 15 / 7.6 ± 0.8
6.1 ± 0.8
6.3 ± 0.6
110 ± 35
95 ± 32
12 ± 9
46 ± 25 / -
-3
3
-1
0
-4
-2 / =
=
=
=
=
=
=
Baynard et al., 2014 (40) / ECG (5 min of supine rest). / LF (ms2)
HF (ms2)
LF (ms2)
HF (ms2) / Low CVM
5.06 ± 0.77
4.66 ± 0.96
High CVM
5.26 ± 0.78
6.20 ± 0.88 / Low CVM
5.46 ± 0.76
5.44 ± 0.72
High CVM
5.36 ± 0.96
6.27 ± 0.97 / Low CVM
5.10 ± 1.20
4.68 ± 1.66
High CVM
4.71 ± 0.78
5.63 ± 1.14 / Low CVM
5.13 ± 1.04
5.24 ± 0.87
High CVM
4.82 ± 0.85
5.27 ± 1.48 / 13.33
1.39
0.90
-0.19 / *§
=
*§
=
Goit et al., 2014 (42) / ECG (15 min of supine rest). / SDNN
RMSSD
PNN50
LF (ms2)
LF (nu)
HF (ms2)
HF(nu)
LF/HF ratio (%)
SD1 (ms)
SD2 (ms) / NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR / NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR / 37 (29-42)
29.7 (26-34.5)
10.7 (5.5-12.7)
199 (133–337)
62.4 (59.1–79.2)
95 (67–149)
37.6 (20.8–40.9)
1.67 (1.44–3.8)
21.3 (18.5–24.8)
56.5 (34.4–64.8) / 41 (34-51)
46.4 (29.8-52.2)
26.1 (6.6-37.2)
158 (62–271)
37 (31.3–43.3)
229 (98–427)
63 (56.7–68.7)
0.58 (0.46–0.59)
33.1 (21.5–37.2)
60.6 (47.8–79.7) / NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR / =
*
*
*
=
*
*
*
*
=
Sacre et al., 2014 (39) / ECG (5 min of supine rest). / SDNN
RMSSD
Total power (ms2)
LF (ms2)
HF (ms2)
LF (nu)
LF/HF ratio (ms2) / 3.40 ± 0.10
2.91 ± 0.11
6.78 ± 0.20
5.34 ± 0.25
4.96 ± 0.22
58.1 ± 3.8
0.38 ± 0.19 / 3.40 ± 0.10
2.96 ± 0.11
6.76 ± 0.20
5.25 ± 0.25
5.03 ± 0.22
55.9 ± 3.8
0.23 ± 0.19 / 3.18 ± 0.10
2.61 ± 0.11
6.24 ± 0.20
4.78 ± 0.25
4.30 ± 0.22
60.0 ± 3.8
0.53 ± 0.19 / 3.35 ± 0.11
2.76 ± 0.12
6.74 ± 0.21
5.20 ± 0.26
4.53 ± 0.23
64.6 ± 4.0
0.69 ± 0.20 / 0
0.33
-0.04
-0.21
0.3
-0.48
-0.94 / *
=
*†
=
=
=
=
Kang et al., 2016 (38) / Hear rate variability analyzer (5 min of supine rest). / SDNN
RMSSD
HF (ms2)
LF (nu)
LF/HF ratio (ms2) / 23.4 ± 7.2
16.4 ± 5.9
49.9 ± 10.0
44.0 ± 7.5
1.14 ± 0.2 / 25.0 ± 5.7
16.5 ± 5.1
50.0 ± 10.3
44.9 ± 6.5
1.1 ± 0.2 / 25.5 ± 7.8
17.9 ± 5.4
51.6 ± 8.1
47.3 ± 7.6
1.12 ± 0.3 / 29.5 ± 6.4
19.9 ± 6.8
52.1 ± 7.2
48.7 ± 7.1
1.1 ± 0.2 / 0.4
0.05
0.2
0.64
2 / =
=
=
=
=
DG: Diabetes group; CG: Comparison group; NR: Not Reported; RR: Beat to beat interval; RMSSD: Square root of the mean of the squares of successive RR interval differences; pNN50: The percentage of intervals >50ms different from preceding interval; SDNN: Standard deviation of all normal to normal RR intervals; SDANN; Standard deviation of 5-minute average RR intervals; Total Power: Total Spectral power (ln ms2); LF: Low-Frequency Power (ln ms2) or (nu); HF: High-Frequency Power (ln ms2) or (nu); MSSD: Mean square of the difference of successive RR intervals; SD1: Dispersion, standard deviation, of points perpendicular to the axis of line-of-identity in the Poincaré plot; SD2: Dispersion, standard deviation, of points along the axis of line-of-identity in the Poincaré plot; CAN: Cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy; CVN: Cardiovagal modulation; ECG: Electrocardiogram.
= No significant difference relative to baseline; *: Statistically significant improvement in the DG relative to baseline; §: Statistically significant improvement in the CG relative to baseline; ||: Statistically significant decline in the CG relative to baseline; †: Statistically significant improvements in the DG relative to the CG; ¶: Statistically significant improvements in the CG relative to the DG.