Appendix S1. List of Studies Included in the Meta-Analyses

Appendix S1. List of studies included in the meta-analyses.

Andersen AN (1991) Responses of ground-foraging ant communities to three experimental fire regimes in a savanna forest of tropical Australia. Biotropica 23:575-585

Andersen AN, Bocciarelli D, Fairman R, Radford IJ (2014a) Conservation status of ants in an iconic region of monsoonal Australia: levels of endemism and responses to fire in the eastern Kimberley. Journal of Insect Conservation 18:137-146. doi: 10.1007/s10841-014-9624-x

Andersen AN, Hertog T, Woinarski JCZ (2006) Long-term fire exclusion and ant community structure in an Australian tropical savanna: congruence with vegetation succession. Journal of Biogeography 33:823-832

Andersen AN, Hoffmann BD (2011) Conservation value of low fire frequency in tropical savannas: Ants in monsoonal northern Australia. Austral Ecology 36:497-503. doi: 10.1111/j.1442-9993.2010.02151.x

Andersen AN, Parr CL, Lowe LM, Muller WJ (2007) Contrasting fire-related resilience of ecologically dominant ants in tropical savannas of northern Australia. Diversity and Distributions 13:438-446. doi: 10.1111/j.1472-4642.2007.00353.x

Andersen AN, Ribbons RR, Pettit M, Parr CL (2014b) Burning for biodiversity: highly resilient ant communities respond only to strongly contrasting fire regimes in Australia's seasonal tropics. Journal of Applied Ecology 51:1406-1413. doi: 10.1111/1365-2664.12307

Andersen AN, Woinarski JCZ, Parr CL (2012) Savanna burning for biodiversity: Fire management for faunal conservation in Australian tropical savannas. Austral Ecology 37:658-667. doi: 10.1111/j.1442-9993.2011.02334.x

Andrew N, Rodgerson L, York A (2000) Frequent fuel-reduction burning: the role of logs and associated leaf litter in the conservation of ant biodiversity. Austral Ecology 25:99-107. doi: 10.1111/j.1442-9993.2000.tb00011.x

Arnan X, Rodrigo A, Retana J (2006) Post-fire recovery of Mediterranean ground ant communities follows vegetation and dryness gradients. Journal of Biogeography 33:1246-1258. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2699.2006.01506.x

Barrow L, Parr CL, Kohen JL (2007) Habitat type influences fire resilience of ant assemblages in the semi-arid tropics of Northern Australia. Journal of Arid Environments 69:80-95. doi: 10.1016/j.jaridenv.2006.08.005

Beaumont KP, Mackay DA, Whalen MA (2012) The effects of prescribed burning on epigaeic ant communities in eucalypt forest of South Australia. Forest Ecology and Management 271:147-157. doi: 10.1016/j.foreco.2012.02.007

Beaumont KP, Mackay DA, Whalen MA (2013) Multiphase myrmecochory: the roles of different ant species and effects of fire. Oecologia 172:791-803. doi: 10.1007/s00442-012-2534-2

Calcaterra LA, Di Blanco Y, Srur M, Briano J (2014) Fire effect on ground-foraging ant assemblages in northeastern Argentina. Journal of Insect Conservation 18:339-352. doi: 10.1007/s10841-014-9642-8

Caut S et al. (2014) The effects of fire on ant trophic assemblage and sex allocation. Ecology and Evolution 4:35-49. doi: 10.1002/ece3.714

Dawes-Gromadzki TZ (2007) Short-term effects of low intensity fire on soil macroinvertebrate assemblages in different vegetation patch types in an Australian tropical savanna. Austral Ecology 32:663-668. doi: 10.1111/j.1442-9993.2007.01752.x

Doamba SWMF, Savadogo P, Nacro HB (2014) Effects of burning on soil macrofauna in a savanna-woodland under different experimental fuel load treatments. Applied Soil Ecology 81:37-44. doi: 10.1016/j.apsoil.2014.04.005

Endringer FB, Santos IA, Teixeira MdC, Schoereder JH (2008) Ant species richness in sand dune environments following burning (Hymenoptera : Formicidae). Sociobiology 51:415-423

Farji-Brener AG, Corley JC, Bettinelli J (2002. ) The effects of fire on ant communities in north-western Patagonia: the importance of habitat structure and regional context. Diversity and Distributions 8:235-243

Frizzo TLM, Campos RI, Vasconcelos HL (2012) Contrasting Effects of Fire on Arboreal and Ground-Dwelling Ant Communities of a Neotropical Savanna. Biotropica 44:254-261. doi: 10.1111/j.1744-7429.2011.00797.x

Gibb H, Hjalten J (2007) Effects of low severity burning after clear-cutting on mid-boreal ant communities in the two years after fire. Journal of Insect Conservation 11:169-175. doi: 10.1007/s10841-006-9033-x

Gosper CR, Pettit MJ, Andersen AN, Yates CJ, Prober SM (2015) Multi-century dynamics of ant communities following fire in Mediterranean-climate woodlands: Are changes congruent with vegetation succession? Forest Ecology and Management 342:30-38. doi: 10.1016/j.foreco.2015.01.006

Gunawardene NR, Majer JD (2005) The effect of fire on ant assemblages in the Gibson Desert Nature Reserve, Western Australia. Journal of Arid Environments 63:725-739. doi: 10.1016/j.jaridenv.2005.04.016

Hanula JL, Wade DD (2003) Influence of long-term dormant-season burning and fire exclusion on ground-dwelling arthropod populations in longleaf pine flatwoods ecosystems. Forest Ecology and Management 175:163-184. doi: 10.1016/s0378-1127(02)00130-5

Haugaasen T, Barlow J, Peres CA (2003) Effects of surface fires on understorey insectivorous birds and terrestrial arthropods in central Brazilian Amazonia. Animal Conservation 6:299-306. doi: 10.1017/s1367943003003366

Hess JE, Beck JL (2014) Forb, Insect, and Soil Response to Burning and Mowing Wyoming Big Sagebrush in Greater Sage-Grouse Breeding Habitat. Environmental Management 53:813-822. doi: 10.1007/s00267-014-0246-6

Hoffmann BD (2003) Responses of ant communities to experimental fire regimes on rangelands in the Victoria River District of the Northern Territory. Austral Ecology 28:182-195

Hosoishi S, Tasen W, Park S-H, Anh Le N, Kuboki Y, Ogata K (2015) Annual fire resilience of ground-dwelling ant communities in Hiraodai Karst Plateau grassland in Japan. Entomological Science 18:254-261. doi: 10.1111/ens.12117

Izhaki I, Levey DJ, Silva WR (2003) Effects of prescribed fire on an ant community in Florida pine savanna. Ecological Entomology 28:439-448. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2311.2003.00528.x

Maravalhas J, Vasconcelos HL (2014) Revisiting the pyrodiversity-biodiversity hypothesis: long-term fire regimes and the structure of ant communities in a Neotropical savanna hotspot. Journal of Applied Ecology 51:1661-1668. doi: 10.1111/1365-2664.12338

Mateos E, Santos X, Pujade-Villar J (2011) Taxonomic and Functional Responses to Fire and Post-Fire Management of a Mediterranean Hymenoptera Community. Environmental Management 48:1000-1012. doi: 10.1007/s00267-011-9750-0

Matsuda T, Turschak G, Brehme C, Rochester C, Mitrovich M, Fisher R (2011) Effects of Large-Scale Wildfires on Ground Foraging Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in Southern California. Environmental Entomology 40:204-216. doi: 10.1603/en10061

MontBlanc EM, Chambers JC, Brussard PF (2007) Variation in ant populations with elevation, tree cover, and fire in a pinyon-juniper-dominated watershed. Western North American Naturalist 67:469-491. doi: 10.3398/1527-0904(2007)67[469:viapwe]2.0.co;2

Ordonez JL, Retana J (2004) Early reduction of post-fire recruitment of Pinus nigra by post-dispersal seed predation in different time-since-fire habitats. Ecography 27:449-458. doi: 10.1111/j.0906-7590.2004.03886.x

Paolucci LN, Maia MLB, Solar RRC, Campos RI, Schoereder JH, Andersen AN (2016) Fire in the Amazon: impact of experimental fuel addition on responses of ants and their interactions with myrmecochorous seeds. Oecologia. doi: 10.1007/s00442-016-3638-x

Parr CL, Andersen AN (2008) Fire resilience of ant assemblages in long-unburnt savanna of northern Australia. Austral Ecology 33:830-838. doi: 10.1111/j.1442-9993.2008.01848.x

Parr CL, Robertson HG, Biggs HC, Chown SL (2004) Response of African savanna ants to long-term fire regimes. Journal of Applied Ecology 41:630-642

Pryke JS, Samways MJ (2012) Differential resilience of invertebrates to fire. Austral Ecology 37:460-469. doi: 10.1111/j.1442-9993.2011.02307.x

Ratchford JS, Wittman SE, Jules ES, Ellison AM, Gotelli NJ, Sanders NJ (2005) The effects of fire, local environment and time on ant assemblages in fens and forests. Diversity and Distributions 11:487-497. doi: 10.1111/j.1366-9516.2005.00192.x

Rodrigo A, Retana J (2006) Post-fire recovery of ant communities in Submediterranean Pinus nigra forests. Ecography 29:231-239. doi: 10.1111/j.2006.0906-7590.04272.x

Sackmann P, Farji-Brener A (2006) Effect of fire on ground beetles and ant assemblages along an environmental gradient in NW Patagonia: Does habitat type matter? Ecoscience 13:360-371. doi: 10.2980/i1195-6860-13-3-360.1

Silveira JM et al. (2013) The responses of leaf litter ant communities to wildfires in the Brazilian Amazon: a multi-region assessment. Biodiversity and Conservation 22:513-529. doi: 10.1007/s10531-012-0426-8

Silveira JM, Barlow J, Andrade RB, Mestre LAM, Lacau S, Cochrane MA (2012) Responses of leaf-litter ant communities to tropical forest wildfires vary with season. Journal of Tropical Ecology 28:515-518. doi: 10.1017/s026646741200051x

Silveira JM et al. (2016) A multi-taxa assessment of biodiversity change after single and recurrent wildfires in a Brazilian Amazon forest. Biotropica 48 170-180

Underwood EC, Quinn JF (2010) Response of ants and spiders to prescribed fire in oak woodlands of California. Journal of Insect Conservation 14:359-366. doi: 10.1007/s10841-010-9265-7

Vasconcelos HL, Leite MF, Vilhena JMS, Lima AP, Magnusson WE (2008) Ant diversity in an Amazonian savanna: Relationship with vegetation structure, disturbance by fire, and dominant ants. Austral Ecology 33:221-231. doi: 10.1111/j.1442-9993.2007.01811.x

Verble-Pearson RM, Yanoviak SP (2014) Effects of Fire Intensity on Litter Arthropod Communities in Ozark Oak Forests, Arkansas, USA. American Midland Naturalist 172:14-24. doi: 10.1674/0003-0031-172.1.14

Verble RM, Yanoviak SP (2013) Short-Term Effects of Prescribed Burning on Ant (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) Assemblages in Ozark Forests. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 106:198-203. doi: 10.1603/an12108

Wilkinson EB, Lebrun EG, Spencer ML, Whitby C, Kleine C (2005) Short-term effects of fire on Sky Island ant communities. U S Forest Service Rocky Mountain Research Station Proceedings RMRS-P 36:550-552

Wittkuhn RS et al. (2011) Variation in fire interval sequences has minimal effects on species richness and composition in fire-prone landscapes of south-west Western Australia. Forest Ecology and Management 261:965-978. doi: 10.1016/j.foreco.2010.10.037

York A (2000) Long-term effects of frequent low-intensity burning on ant communities in coastal blackbutt forests of southeastern Australia. Austral Ecology 25:83-98

Appendix S2. Funnel plot of effect size and sample sizes.