Appendix S1: List of references used to collate the database used in the analyses

Benson C.W. & Penny M.J. (1971) The landbirds of Aldabra. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B, 260, 417-527

Brosset A. & Erard C. (1986) Les oiseaux des régions forestières du nord-est du Gabon. Société National de Protection de la Nature, Paris.

Cheke R.A., Mann C.F. & Allen R. (2001) Sunbirds. A guide to the Sunbirds, flowerpeckers, spiderhunters and sugarbirds of the world. Christopher Helm, London.

Cramp S. (1985) Handbook of the birds of Europe, the Middle East and North Africa. Oxford University Press., Oxford.

Cramp S. (1988) Handbook of the birds of Europe, the Middle East and North Africa. Oxford University Press, Oxford.

Cramp S. (1992) Handbook of the birds of Europe, the Middle East and North Africa. Oxford University Press, Oxford.

Cramp S. & Perrins C.M. (1993) Handbook of the birds of Europe, the Middle East and North Africa. Oxford University Press, Oxford.

Cramp S. & Perrins C.M. (1994) Handbook of the birds of Europe, the Middle East and North Africa. Oxford University Press, Oxford.

Curson, J., D. Quinn, and D. Beadle. 1994, New World Warblers: An Identification Guide: Helm Identification Guide Series. London, Christopher Helm.

de Naurois R. (1994) As aves das ilhas do Golfo da Guiné. Instituto de Investigação Científica e Tropical, Lisboa.

del Hoyo, J., A. Elliott, and D. A. Christie. 2003, Handbook of the Birds of the World - Volume 8, v. 8. Barcelona, Lynx Edicions.

—. 2004, Handbook of the Birds of the World - Volume 9, v. 9. Barcelona, Lynx Edicions.

—. 2005, Handbook of the Birds of the World - Volume 10, v. 10. Barcelona, Lynx Edicions.

—. 2006, Handbook of the Birds of the World - Volume 11, v. 11. Barcelona, Lynx Edicions.

—. 2007, Handbook of the Birds of the World - Volume 12. Barcelona, Lynx Editions.

—. 2008, Handbook of the Birds of the World - Volume 13. Barcelona, Lynx Editions.

—. 2009, Handbook of the Birds of the World - Volume 14. Barcelona, Lynx Edition.

—. 2010, Handbook of the Birds of the World - Volume 15. Barcelona, Lynx Editions.

del Hoyo, J., A. Elliott, and J. Sartagal. 1994, Handbook of the Birds of the World - Volume 2, v. 2. Barcelona, Lynx Edicions.

—. 1997, Handbook of the Birds of the World - Volume 4, v. 4. Barcelona, Lynx Edicions.

—. 1999, Handbook of the Birds of the World - Volume 5, v. 5. Barcelona, Lynx Edicions.

—. 2001, Handbook of the Birds of the World - Volume 6, v. 6. Barcelona, Lynx Edicions.

—. 2002, Handbook of the Birds of the World - Volume 7, v. 7. Barcelona, Lynx Edicions.

Frith, C. B., and B. M. Beehler. 1998, The Birds of Paradise: Paradisaeidae. Oxford, Oxford University Press.

Fry C.H. & Keith S. (2004) The Birds of Africa. Christopher Helm, London.

Fry C.H., Keith S. & Urban E.K. (1988) The Birds of Africa. Christopher Helm, London.

Fry C.H., Keith S. & Urban E.K. (2000) The Birds of Africa. Christopher Helm, London.

Jaramillo, A., and P. Burke. 1999, New World Blackbirds. London, Christopher Helm.

Keith S., Urban E.K. & Fry C.H. (1992) The Birds of Africa. Christopher Helm, London.

Perez de Vale J. (1996) Las Aves de Bioko, Guinea Equatorial. Edilesa, Léon.

Shirihai H., Gargallo G. & Helbig A.J. (2001) Sylvia Warblers: Identification, Taxonomy and Phylogeny of the Genus Sylvia. Christopher Helm, London.

Taylor, B., and B. v. Perlo. 1998, Rails - A Guide to the Rails, Crakes, Gallinules and Coots of the World. London, Pica Press.

Urban E.K., Fry C.H. & Keith S. (1986) The Birds of Africa. Christopher Helm, London.

Urban E.K., Fry C.H. & Keith S. (1997) The Birds of Africa. Christopher Helm, London.

Van Zyl AJ (1999) Breeding biology of the Common Kestrel in southern Africa (32 degrees S) compared to studies in Europe (53 degrees N). Ostrich70, 127-132.

In addition, I used unpublished data from sources acknowledged in the Manuscript and, for the Gulf of Guinea islands, West Africa, I used unpublished data collected by myself and M. Melo as part of two ongoing projects on bird speciation and on the effects of parasite diversity on avian immunity and life-history characteristics (R. Covas unpublished data).