Appendix A: Supplementary Tables

Appendix A: Supplementary Tables

Table A1: Comparing Lignocellulosic Material [11]

Component / Range (%) / Fronds / EFB / Fiber [68] / Switchgrass
Lignin / 10-30 / 18.3 / 24 / 32.9 / 12
Hemicellulose / 20-35 / 33.9 / 35 / 9.8 / 31.4
Cellulose / 35-50 / 46.6 / 37.9 / 39.5 / 45

Appendix B: Inventories

Empty Fruit Bunch

Table B1. Inventory for CHP [20]

Emissions / Unit / Quantity
N2O / kg / 0.40
CO2 / kg / 1788.80
CO / kg / 0.12
Heat / kWh / 3560.40
PM / kg / 0.090
Ash / kg / 43.0
NaCl / kg / 0.073

Table B2. Inventory for Briquette Production [20]

Emissions / Unit / Quantity
Heat / MJ / 1732.33
NOX / kg / 0.033
CO2 / kg / 1.67
CO / kg / 0.33
PM / kg / 0.40

Palm Kernel Shell

Table B3. Inventory for Activated Carbon [22], [23]

Emissions / Unit / Quantity
CO2 (biogenic) / kg / 2.66E+02
Oxygen / kg / 363
Nitrogen / kg / 7.84E+03
CO / kg / 1.00
NOx / kg / 7.56E-01

Table B4. Inventory for Biochar [23], [24]

Emissions / Unit / Transportatio n / Storage / Processing / Pyrolysis / Land
Application / Totals
CO2 / kg / 283 / 66.5 / 184 / 129 / 56.65 / 719
CH4 / kg / n.d. / 0.20 / 0.523 / 11.6 / 0.058 / 12.4
N2O / g / n.d. / 0.01 / 0.028 / 24.1 / 0.910 / 25.0
NOx / g / n.d. / 9.63E-
03 / 1.93E-02 / 9.71 / 0.825 / 10.6
SO2 / g / n.d. / 9.63E-
03 / 1.79 / 114 / 1.07 / 117

Table B5. Emission Inventory for Co-firing 20% Torrefied Bio-coal [21], [25], [26]

Emissions / Unit / Transporta
tion / Torrefaction of Biomass / Combustion / Total
CO2 / kg / 22.1 / 377 / 20.9 / 420
CH4 / kg / n.d. / 0.284 / 0.226 / 0.51
PM / kg / n.d. / 4.95E-03 / n.d. / 4.95E-
03
CO / kg / n.d. / 0.284 / 6.44 / 6.72
NH3 / kg / n.d. / 2.10E-03 / n.d. / 2.10E-
03
NOX / kg / n.d. / 0.297 / 1.91 / 2.21
SOX / kg / n.d. / 2.45E-03 / 5.25 / 5.25
N2O / kg / n.d. / 1.87E-03 / n.d. / 1.87E-
03

Table B6. Inventory Charcoal Briquette Production [21], [27]

Emissions
/ Unit / Transportation / Briquette Production / Total
CO / kg / n.d. / 1.69 / 1.69
CO2 / kg / 94 / 2624.82 (includes starch production) / 2719
PM / kg / n.d. / 2.31 / 2.31
NOX / kg / n.d. / 1.22E+01 / 1.22E+01
SO2 / kg / n.d. / 0.037 / 0.037
Heat / kWh / n.d. / 0.961 / 0.961
Ash / kg / n.d. / 2.80E+01 / 2.80E+01

Table B7. Emissions from Cogeneration Back into the Mill [28] and Thai National Grid Mix

Emissions / Unit / Quantity
Steam / kg / 322
NOX / kg / 25.4
CO2(fossil) / kg / 15.87
CO / kg / 1.27E+03
SO2 / kg / 21.2
PM / kg / 2.32E+02
TOC / kg / 8.30E-02
VOC / kg / 3.30E-02

Mesocarp Fiber

Table B8. Emissions from Torrefaction for Biomass Feedstock [29], [30]

Emissions / Unit / Quantity
CO2 / kg / 367
Methane / kg / 2.96E-03
Nitrous Oxide / kg / 2.82E-03
PM / kg / 9.78E-03
CO / kg / 5.04E-01
NOx / kg / 3.60E-01
SOx / kg / 7.73E-04
NMVOC / kg / 7.05E-03
Heat / kWh / 26.3

Table B9. Emissions for Polypropylene Biocomposite [31], [32]

Emissions / Unit / Quantity
CO2 (fossil) / kg / 9.29E+03
CO2 (non fossil) / kg / 38.1
Methane (fossil) / kg / 65.5
Methane / kg / 5.17E-09
N2O / kg / 2.69E-09
CO / kg / 38
NOX / kg / 17.9
Sulfur Dioxide / kg / 21.1
NMVOC / kg / 20
CFC 114 / kg / 7.73E-08
Hydrocarbons / kg / 7.73E-06
Heat / kWh / 920

Table B10. Emissions from Fiberboard Production [33]

Emissions / Unit / Quantity
CO2 / kg / 59.16
CO2 (fossil) / kg / 6818.19
N2O / kg / 1.48
Methane (biogenic) / kg / 19.49
Methane / kg / 2.35
CO / kg / 1.2963
NMVOC / kg / 0.29
NOX / kg / 16.8374
SOX / kg / 0.0116
Particulates (unspecified) / kg / 8.12
Sulfur Dioxide / kg / 64.38
Hydrocarbons / kg / 0.36
VOC / kg / 7.7372

Oil Palm Fronds

Table B11. Emissions from Animal Feed Pellets [34], [35]

Emissions (kg) / Unit / Quantity
CO2 fossil / kg / 2.39E+03
CO2 biomass / kg / 1.36E+03
Acrolein / kg / 2.10E-02
Formaldehyde / kg / 2.28E+00
NOx / kg / 8.59E+00
SO2 / kg / 1.78E+01
SOx / kg / 9.01E-01
Methane / kg / 6.90E+00
Particulates (unspecified) / kg / 2.52E+00
Volatile Organic Compounds / kg / 1.26E+00

Table B12. Emissions from Fertilizer (fronds and trunks)

GHG Emissions from Avoided Fertilizer
Nutrients provided by trunks and fronds / Amount replacing
synthetic fertilizer per reference flow (kg) / g CO2 eq per kg of nutrient produced / Emissions
(kg CO2 eq) / Source
N / 80 / 2600 / 208 / [37]
[36]
P2O5 / 30 / 2600 / 78
K2O / 280 / 2600 / 728
Total emissions from avoiding production of synthetic fertilizer / 1014
GHG Emissions from Fertilizer Use
Emission / N (kg) applied as fertilizer ** / kg N2O emitted per 100 kg N applied as fertilizer / Emissions (kg CO2 eq) / Source
N2O / 320 / 1.84 / 1755 / [38]
Total emissions from using fertilizer / 1755 / [36]

*Used “Europe Average” for NPK 15-15-15 Mix

** Amount using both synthetic and organic (trunks and fronds) fertilizer

Oil Palm Trunks

Table B13. Emissions from biofuel pellets [39]

Emissions / Unit / Quantity
CO2 fossil / kg / 5.29E+01
CO2 biomass / kg / 3.02E+01
Acrolein / kg / 4.64E-04
Formaldehyde / kg / 5.06E-02
NOx / kg / 1.90E-01
SO2 / kg / 3.95E-01
SOx / kg / 2.00E-02
Methane / kg / 1.53E-01
Particulates (unspecified) / kg / 5.57E-02
Volatile Organic Compounds / kg / 2.79E-02

Table B14. Emissions from OPT plywood production [12]

Emissions / Unit / Quantity
CO2 fossil / kg / 385

Palm Oil Mill Effluent

Table B15. Digester Emissions [41], [42], [43]

Pathways / Emissions (kg CH4)
MCL / 135
CSTR / 102
UASFF / 46
UASB / 42

Bioethanol from fronds and EFB

Table B16. Emissions from pretreatment pathways [16]

Emissions (from steam and
electricity) / Unit / Quantity
CO2 (Dilute Acid) / kg / 8.38E+03
CO2 (Dilute Alkali) / kg / 8.27E+03
CO2 (Hot Water) / kg / 8.49E+03
CO2 (Steam Explosion) / kg / 5.18E+03

Appendix C: Net Emission Tables

Empty Fruit Bunch

Table C1. EFB Net Emissions

Pathways / Emissions (kg
CO2-eq) / Avoided Emissions
(kg CO2-eq) / Net Emissions
(kg CO2-eq)
CHP / 2520 / 2662 / -142
Briquettes / 447 / 5752 / -5305

Empty Fruit Bunch/Fronds

Table C2. EFB/Fronds Net Emissions

Pathways / Emissions (kg CO2eq) / Avoided Emissions
(kg CO2-eq) / Net Emissions (kg
CO2-eq)
Dilute Acid / 8376.5 / 7894.2 / 482.3
Dilute Alkali / 8268.6 / 7993.6 / 275.0
Hot Water / 8493.9 / 7977.9 / 516.0
Steam Explosion / 5179.4 / 7193.6 / -2014.2

Palm Kernel Shell

Table C3. PKS Net Emissions

Pathways / Emissions
(kg CO2-eq) / Avoided Emissions
(kg CO2-eq) / Net Emissions
(kg CO2-eq)
Activated Carbon / 266 (biogenic) / 168 / -168
Biochar / 1123 / 2550 / -1430
Torrefied Bio-coal / 1155 / 2598 / -1443
Charcoal Briquettes / 3445 / 7509.15 / -4064
Biomass Cogeneration / 15.87 / 1292.5 / -1277

Mesocarp Fiber

Table C4. MF Net Emissions

Pathways
/ Emissions (kg CO2eq) / Avoided Emissions
(kg CO2-eq) / Net Emissions (kg
CO2-eq)
Torrefaction for
Biomass Feedstock / 401 / 18079 / -17678
Polypropylene
Biocomposite / 21616 / 72425 / -50809
Uncoated Cellulosic
Fiberboard / 7797 / 704 / 7093

Oil Palm Fronds

Table C5. OPF Net Emissions

Pathways / Emissions (kg CO2eq) / Avoided Emissions
(kg CO2-eq) / Net Emissions (kg
CO2-eq)
Ruminant feed pellets / 3924.1 / 272.5 / 3651.6
Fertilizer / 1217.6 / 860 / 357.6

Oil Palm Trunks

Table C6. Trunks Net Emissions

Pathways / Emissions (kg CO2-eq) / Avoided Emissions (kg
CO2-eq) / Net Emissions (kg CO2eq)
Fertilizer / 1217.6 / 860 / 357.6
Biofuel Pellets / 86.903 / 681.19 / -594.287
Plywood / 70.8

Palm Oil Mill Effluent

Table C7. POME Net Emissions

Baseline (w/o biogas recovery) / Emissions (kg CO2-eq)
Open Lagoon System / 8099
Pathways / Emissions
(kg CO2-eq) / Avoided Emissions
(kg CO2-eq) / Net Emissions
(kg CO2-eq)
MCL / 2,994 / 605 / 2,390
CSTR / 2,266 / 691 / 1,575
UASFF / 1,028 / 838 / 191
UASB / 926 / 850 / 77
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