Appendix A. Propensity Score Model

Table A.1 Propensity Score Model Predicting Military Service
Blacks / Whites
eb / eb
Selection Characteristics
Mother's Educ (vs. <HS)
HS / 1.05 / 0.83
(0.22) / (0.16)
Some College / 0.67 / 0.58+
(0.25) / (0.17)
College / 1.22 / 0.43*
(0.46) / (0.15)
Missing / 1.43 / 1.28
(0.46) / (0.45)
# Siblings / 0.99 / 0.98
(0.03) / (0.04)
# of family in military / 1.22* / 1.43***
(0.10) / (0.13)
Born in South / 1.63+ / 1.02
(0.43) / (0.27)
Live w/ Both Parents / 0.64* / 0.60**
(0.11) / (0.11)
Age 79 / 1.16* / 1.06
(0.08) / (0.06)
R's Education 79 (vs. HS Dropout)
Enrolled in HS / 1.43 / 1.39
(0.48) / (0.46)
HS Degree / 1.97* / 1.24
(0.62) / (0.39)
>HS / 0.36* / 0.65
(0.17) / (0.27)
Married 79 / 2.12 / 1.76+
(1.20) / (0.55)
AFQT / 1.09*** / 1.04**
(0.01) / (0.01)
AFQT2 / 1.00*** / 1.00**
(0.00) / (0.00)
Religious Attendance (vs.Never)
Infrequently / 1.30 / 1.27
(0.36) / (0.28)
1-3 per Month / 1.03 / 1.43
(0.30) / (0.35)
Weekly+ / 1.08 / 1.15
(0.31) / (0.28)
Religion (vs. None)
Protestant / 1.17 / 0.91
(0.34) / (0.23)
Catholic / 1.52 / 0.94
(0.69) / (0.26)
Other / 0.72 / 1.35
(0.31) / (0.42)
Residence in 79 (vs. Northeast)
North Central / 0.98 / 0.84
(0.30) / (0.19)
South / 1.04 / 1.43
(0.32) / (0.43)
West / 1.43 / 1.72*
(0.54) / (0.42)
Health Limit Work 79 / 0.70 / 0.81
(0.36) / (0.35)
Rotter Control 79 / 0.99 / 1.04
(0.04) / (0.03)
Self Esteem 80 / 1.00 / 0.99
(0.02) / (0.02)
Constant / 0.00*** / 0.02**
(0.00) / (0.02)
N / 929 / 1544
Table A.2. Average of Absolute Values of Standardized Mean and Standard Deviation Differences Between Treatment and Control
Blacks / Whites
Mean / Std. Dev. / Mean / Std. Dev.
Survey Weight / 0.17 / 0.08 / 0.09 / 0.10
ATE Weight / 0.03 / 0.09 / 0.03 / 0.06
Table A.3 Descriptive Statistics by Race and Veteran Status After Accounting for Selection
Non-Veterans / Veterans / Significant Differences
Black / White / Black / White / Black-White Diff / Veteran-Non-Veteran Diff
Mean or % (SD) / Mean or % (SD) / Mean or % (SD) / Mean or % (SD) / Non-Vet. / Vet. / Black / White
Selection Characteristics
Mother's Educ
<HS / 45 / 22 / 43 / 22 / *** / ***
HS / 33 / 51 / 32 / 49 / *** / **
Some College / 7 / 13 / 9 / 14 / ***
College / 7 / 10 / 8 / 11 / +
Missing / 8 / 4 / 8 / 4 / ** / +
# Siblings / 4.51 / 2.98 / 4.46 / 2.99 / *** / ***
(3.14) / (2.08) / (2.29) / (1.65)
# of Fam. in Military / 0.87 / 0.92 / 0.86 / 0.90
(1.05) / (0.78) / (0.95) / (0.82)
Born in South / 62 / 26 / 59 / 28 / *** / ***
Live w/Both Parents / 51 / 80 / 53 / 81 / *** / ***
Age 79 / 17.65 / 17.63 / 18.08 / 17.40 / * / +
(2.35) / (2.32) / (2.22) / (2.41)
R's Education 79
HS Dropout / 16 / 9 / 18 / 8 / *** / *
Enrolled in HS / 53 / 52 / 46 / 57 / +
HS Degree / 24 / 26 / 27 / 21
>HS / 7 / 13 / 9 / 14 / ***
Married 79 / 3 / 5 / 3 / 3 / *
AFQT / 25.25 / 57.28 / 26.22 / 60.50 / *** / ***
(22.66) / (28.03) / (21.53) / (27.40)
Religious Attendance
Never / 17 / 22 / 17 / 19 / *
Infrequently / 24 / 28 / 21 / 30 / + / +
1-3 per Month / 28 / 20 / 30 / 18 / *** / *
Weekly+ / 31 / 30 / 32 / 33
Religion
None / 14 / 13 / 10 / 13
Protestant / 72 / 44 / 76 / 43 / *** / ***
Catholic / 5 / 31 / 5 / 33 / *** / ***
Other / 9 / 12 / 9 / 11 / *
Residence in 79
Northeast / 17 / 21 / 18 / 20 / *
North Central / 20 / 37 / 17 / 36 / *** / ***
South / 57 / 26 / 59 / 29 / *** / ***
West / 6 / 16 / 6 / 15 / *** / **
Health Limit Work 79 / 4 / 3 / 5 / 5
Rotter Control 79 / 8.88 / 8.39 / 8.76 / 8.41 / ***
(2.39) / (2.38) / (2.39) / (2.49)
Self Esteem 80 / 22.46 / 22.75 / 22.63 / 22.75
(3.99) / (3.95) / (4.10) / (3.85)
N / 695 / 1,299 / 212 / 234
Note: *** p<.001; **p<.01; *p<.05;+p<.1. Weighted by ATE weights and survey weights. No significant differences between black veterans and civilians and white veterans and civilians.
Table A.4. Regressions Predicting Health by Military Service and Race Before and After Accounting for Selection with All Variables
Self-Esteema / Depressive Symptomsa / Good Self-Rated Healthb
Before Selection / After Selection / Before Selection / After Selection / Before Selection / After Selection
b / b / b / b / b / b
Main Effects
Veteran / 0.11 / -0.10 / 0.06 / 0.03 / -0.12 / -0.11
(0.32) / (0.30) / (0.29) / (0.29) / (0.26) / (0.28)
Black / -0.63** / 0.53+ / 0.87*** / -0.01 / -0.54*** / 0.21
(0.22) / (0.31) / (0.20) / (0.32) / (0.16) / (0.25)
Interaction
VeteranXBlack / 1.02* / 1.03* / -0.99* / -0.19 / 0.71+ / 0.06
(0.49) / (0.49) / (0.46) / (0.58) / (0.40) / (0.44)
Selection Characteristics
Mother's Educ (vs. <HS)
HS / 0.20 / -0.15 / 0.23
(0.31) / (0.31) / (0.25)
Some College / 0.27 / 0.13 / 0.86
(0.52) / (0.54) / (0.60)
College / 0.51 / 0.19 / 0.73
(0.55) / (0.50) / (0.49)
Missing / -0.63 / 0.67 / 0.31
(0.71) / (0.71) / (0.42)
# Siblings / 0.04 / 0.07 / -0.01
(0.06) / (0.06) / (0.05)
# of family in military / -0.15 / 0.00 / 0.11
(0.14) / (0.13) / (0.12)
Born in South / -0.02 / -0.25 / 0.68*
(0.43) / (0.38) / (0.33)
Live w/ Both Parents / -0.33 / 0.05 / 0.41+
(0.29) / (0.28) / (0.24)
Age 79 / -0.20* / 0.07 / -0.06
(0.10) / (0.10) / (0.08)
R's Education 79 (vs. HS Dropout)
Enrolled in HS / 0.49 / -1.61* / 0.57+
(0.47) / (0.66) / (0.34)
HS Degree / 0.73 / -1.69** / 0.87**
(0.46) / (0.64) / (0.31)
>HS / 1.47* / -2.54*** / 2.05***
(0.65) / (0.71) / (0.61)
Married 79 / -0.66 / -0.09 / -0.12
(0.58) / (0.60) / (0.41)
AFQT / 0.10*** / -0.05** / 0.04**
(0.02) / (0.02) / (0.02)
AFQT2 / -0.00*** / 0.00* / -0.00
(0.00) / (0.00) / (0.00)
Religious Attendance (vs.Never)
Infrequently / 0.18 / -0.49 / 0.18
(0.38) / (0.39) / (0.30)
1-3 per Month / 0.03 / -0.42 / 0.76*
(0.39) / (0.40) / (0.34)
Weekly+ / 0.19 / -0.26 / 0.60+
(0.39) / (0.37) / (0.34)
Religion (vs. None)
Protestant / 0.19 / -0.67 / -0.01
(0.45) / (0.48) / (0.33)
Catholic / -0.44 / -0.66 / -0.53
(0.51) / (0.48) / (0.38)
Other / 0.04 / -0.73 / -1.00*
(0.53) / (0.52) / (0.40)
Residence in 79 (vs. Northeast)
North Central / -0.70+ / 0.00 / 0.07
(0.36) / (0.35) / (0.37)
South / -0.28 / 0.25 / -0.66+
(0.47) / (0.42) / (0.37)
West / 0.05 / 0.51 / 0.00
(0.39) / (0.40) / (0.41)
Health Limit Work 79 / 0.61 / 0.39 / -0.18
(0.58) / (0.68) / (0.39)
Rotter Control 79 / -0.08 / 0.11+ / -0.06
(0.06) / (0.06) / (0.05)
Self Esteem 80 / 0.24*** / -0.09** / -0.03
(0.04) / (0.03) / (0.03)
Constant / 23.95*** / 19.65*** / 2.48*** / 5.80** / 2.41*** / 2.20
(0.12) / (2.28) / (0.10) / (1.97) / (0.10) / (1.68)
N / 2440 / 2440 / 2440 / 2440 / 2440 / 2440
Note: Standard errors in parentheses. *** p<.001; **p<.01; *p<.05;+p<.1. Before selection models weighted by survey weights. After selection weighted by ATE weights and survey weights.
a OLS regression; b logistic regression; self-rated health(1=good; 0=poor).

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