Appendix A: Journal and Article Selection
Journal Title / # of Articles ReviewedAcademy of Management Journal / 2
Accounting education: An International Journal / 2
Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal / 12
Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics / 5
Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Administration / 4
BSR / 1
Business and Society / 5
Business Ethics Quarterly / 8
Business Ethics: A European Review / 5
Career Development International / 7
Corporate Communication / 7
Corporate Governance / 15
Corporate Reputation Review / 14
Cross Cultural Management / 10
Decision Sciences / 1
Employee Responsibilities and Rights Journal / 5
Environment, Development and Sustainability / 5
Ethics & Behavior / 7
Ethics and Behavior / 3
Ethics and Information Technology / 8
European Business Review / 9
European Journal of Marketing / 25
European Journal of Training and Development / 4
Gender in Management / 4
Group Decision and Negotiation / 5
International Journal of Auditing / 1
International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management / 9
International Journal of Culture, Tourism and Hospitality Research / 3
International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour & Research / 4
International Journal of Islamic and Middle Eastern Finance and Management / 3
International Journal of Law and Management / 3
International Journal of Management / 1
International Journal of Management & Decision Making / 11
International Journal of Manpower / 3
International Journal of Operations & Production Management / 6
International Journal of Organizational Analysis / 4
International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Healthcare Marketing / 10
International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management / 4
International Journal of Quality and Service Science / 3
International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management / 10
International Marketing Review / 11
Internet Research / 6
Journal of Applied Psychology / 1
Journal of Brand Management / 4
Journal of Business and Psychology / 6
Journal of Business Ethics / 235
Journal of Communication Management / 9
Journal of Consumer Policy / 3
Journal of European Real Estate Research / 3
Journal of Fashion Marketing and Management / 8
Journal of Financial Services Marketing / 12
Journal of Health Organization and Management / 12
Journal of International Business Studies / 6
Journal of Legal, Ethical and Regulatory Issues / 7
Journal of Management History / 5
Journal of Managerial Issues / 1
Journal of Managerial Psychology / 10
Journal of Organizational Change Management / 5
Journal of Property Investment & Finance / 5
Journal of Research in Interactive Marketing / 5
Journal of Retail & Leisure Property / 3
Journal of Risk and Uncertainty / 3
Journal of Service Management / 8
Journal of Small Business Management / 2
Leadership & Organization Development Journal / 6
Management Decision / 26
Management Research Review / 11
Managerial Auditing Journal / 2
Managerial Auditing Journal / 10
Managerial Finance / 4
Managing Service Quality / 4
Marketing Intelligence & Planning / 6
Personnel Review / 6
PharmacoEconomics / 6
Qualitative Market Research / 10
Simulation & Gaming / 3
Society and Business Review / 11
Sustainability Accounting, Management and Policy Journal / 4
Systems Research and Behavioral Science / 4
The International Journal of Bank Marketing / 12
The International Journal of Public Sector Management / 7
The International Journal of Quality & Reliability Management / 3
The Journal of Business & Industrial Marketing / 7
The Journal of Consumer Marketing / 16
The Journal of Management Development / 15
The Journal of Product and Brand Management / 4
The Journal of Services Marketing / 9
The Learning Organization / 4
Young Consumers / 7
Grand Total / 815
Appendix B: Journal and Article Coding Counts
Journal Title / # of Articles CodedAcademy of Management Journal / 3
Accounting Education: An International Journal / 1
Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal / 1
Business & Society / 2
Business Ethics Quarterly / 3
Business Ethics: A European Review / 5
Corporate Reputation Review / 1
Decision Sciences / 2
Ethics & Behavior / 6
Ethics and Information Technology / 1
Gender in Management / 1
International Journal of Auditing / 1
International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management / 1
International Journal of Management / 1
International Journal of Manpower / 2
Journal of Applied Psychology / 1
Journal of Business and Psychology / 1
Journal of Business Ethics / 84
Journal of Consumer Policy / 1
Journal of Fashion Marketing and Management / 1
Journal of Legal, Ethical and Regulatory Issues / 3
Journal of Managerial Issues / 1
Journal of Managerial Psychology / 1
Journal of Small Business Management / 2
Management Decision / 2
Managerial Auditing Journal / 7
The International Journal of Public Sector Management / 1
The Journal of Consumer of Marketing / 3
The Journal of Product and Brand Management / 1
The Journal of Services Marketing / 1
Grand Total / 141
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Appendix C: Meta-Review of all Articles by Rest’s DV
DV / IV (Broad) / IV (Specific) / Year / Author / Journal / FindingsAwareness / Individual / Age / 2005 / Ebrahimi, Petrick & Young / Journal of Business Ethics / There is a significant negative relationship between age and ethical orientation.
Awareness / Individual / Age / 2006 / Cagle & Baucus / Journal of Business Ethics / Age has no impact on ethical perception.
Awareness / Individual / Age / 2006 / Chan & Leung / Managerial Auditing Journal / There is no significant relationship between age and ethical sensitivity.
Awareness / Individual / Age / 2008 / Krambia-KapardisZopiatis / Business Ethics: A European Review / Age is positively correlated to ethical awareness.
Awareness / Individual / Age / 2010 / EwejeBrunton / Business Ethics: A European Review / Ethical awareness increases with age.
Awareness / Individual / Biases / 2010 / Flynn & Wiltermuth / Academy of Management Journal / High level of betweenness centrality (in-group assumptions) can serve as blinders and bias ethical awareness.
Awareness / Individual / Cognitive moral development / ethical judgment / 2006 / Chan & Leung / Managerial Auditing Journal / There is no significant relationship between accounting students’ ethical sensitivity and their ethical reasoning.
Awareness / Individual / Cognitive moral development / ethical judgment / 2010 / Ruedy & Schweitzer / Journal of Business Ethics / Mindfulness is positively related to the self-importance of moral identity.
Awareness / Individual / Cognitive moral development / ethical judgment / 2010 / Ruedy & Schweitzer / Journal of Business Ethics / Mindfulness is positively related to formalism, but is not related to consequentialism.
Awareness / Individual / Conflict / 2006 / Reynolds / Journal of Applied Psychology / The violation of a behavioral norm was positively related to moral awareness.
Awareness / Individual / Education, employment, job satisfaction and work experience / 2005 / Ebrahimi, Petrick & Young / Journal of Business Ethics / There is no relationship between degree and ethical orientation.
Awareness / Individual / Education, employment, job satisfaction and work experience / 2005 / McCullough & Faught / Journal of Business Ethics / Work experience tends to be positively related to being more moralistic.
Awareness / Individual / Education, employment, job satisfaction and work experience / 2006 / Brymer et al. / International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management / The ethical beliefs of hospitality students were most influenced by their parents and least influenced by college courses in religion.
Awareness / Individual / Education, employment, job satisfaction and work experience / 2006 / Cagle & Baucus / Journal of Business Ethics / Ethics instruction enhances students ethical attitudes.
Awareness / Individual / Education, employment, job satisfaction and work experience / 2006 / Cagle & Baucus / Journal of Business Ethics / Levels of education has no impact on ethical perception.
Awareness / Individual / Education, employment, job satisfaction and work experience / 2006 / Chan & Leung / Managerial Auditing Journal / An accounting ethics intervention has a positive effect on ethical sensitivity development.
Awareness / Individual / Education, employment, job satisfaction and work experience / 2007 / Arnold et al. / Journal of Business Ethics / Accountants' perception of ethicality is more highly associated with their country than employer, employment level or gender.
Awareness / Individual / Education, employment, job satisfaction and work experience / 2007 / Arnold et al. / Journal of Business Ethics / Accountants' perception of ethicality is more highly associated with their country than employer, employment level or gender.
Awareness / Individual / Education, employment, job satisfaction and work experience / 2008 / Krambia-KapardisZopiatis / Business Ethics: A European Review / Management level is positively correlated to ethical awareness.
Awareness / Individual / Gender / 2005 / Ebrahimi, Petrick & Young / Journal of Business Ethics / There is no relationship between gender and ethical orientation.
Awareness / Individual / Gender / 2005 / McCullough & Faught / Journal of Business Ethics / Gender was significantly related to person's morality/rationality perspective
Awareness / Individual / Gender / 2006 / Cagle & Baucus / Journal of Business Ethics / Female students are less willing to accept unethical or questionable behavior than male students.
Awareness / Individual / Gender / 2006 / Chan & Leung / Managerial Auditing Journal / There is no significant relationship between gender and ethical sensitivity.
Awareness / Individual / Gender / 2006 / McCabe et al. / Journal of Business Ethics / Regardless of biological sex, expressive traits and egalitarian gender-role attitude increase ethical perception.
Awareness / Individual / Gender / 2007 / Arnold et al. / Journal of Business Ethics / Accountants' perception of ethicality is more highly associated with their country than employer, employment level or gender.
Awareness / Individual / Gender / 2008 / Krambia-KapardisZopiatis / Business Ethics: A European Review / Females are more aware of ethical actions than males.
Awareness / Individual / Gender / 2010 / EwejeBrunton / Business Ethics: A European Review / Females are more aware of ethical actions than males.
Awareness / Individual / Gender / 2010 / Gill / Gender in Management / Female business students are more ethically predisposed than male students. Females exhibit more diversity in ethical decision making than males.
Awareness / Individual / Locus of control / 2006 / Chan & Leung / Managerial Auditing Journal / Internals exhibit higher ethical sensitivity than externals.
Awareness / Individual / Locus of control / 2009 / Vitell et al. / Journal of Business Ethics / The impact of self-control on moral identification internalization was mixed.
Awareness / Individual / Locus of control / 2010 / Ho / Business Ethics: A European Review / Differences in ethical perception were found when one culture's locus of control attribute moral significance to something that another culture's does not.
Awareness / Individual / Nationality / 2007 / Arnold et al. / Journal of Business Ethics / Accountants' perception of ethicality is more highly associated with their country than employer, employment level or gender.
Awareness / Individual / Nationality / 2009 / Burnaz et al / Journal of Business Ethics / US businesspersons have stronger ethical awareness than Turkish or Taiwanese.
Awareness / Individual / Nationality / 2009 / OumlilBalloun / Journal of Business Ethics / There are differences in the ethical intentions
of business managers in the U.S. and Morocco.
Awareness / Individual / Nationality / 2010 / BruntonEweje / Business Ethics: A European Review / Cultural factors do have an impact on how aware students are of ethical dilemmas.
Awareness / Individual / Nationality / 2010 / Neale & Fullerton / The Journal of Services Marketing / Significant differences exist among Europeans, Asians and Africans regarding awareness of ethical actions with Asians and Africans being most critical.
Awareness / Individual / New / 2007 / Caldwell & Moberg / Journal of Business Ethics / Strong moral imagination is not influenced by moral identity.
Awareness / Individual / New / 2009 / Bierly et al. / Journal of Business Ethics / Creativity is positively related to both idealism and relativism.
Awareness / Individual / New / 2010 / Elias & Farag / Managerial Auditing Journal / Cheating outside the classroom is viewed as more unethical than inside the classroom.
Awareness / Individual / New / 2010 / Neale & Fullerton / The Journal of Services Marketing / Over time, consumers have become less tolerant of questionable behaviors.
Awareness / Individual / New / 2011 / Selart & Johansen / Journal of Business Ethics / Stress has little influence on peoples’ recognition of moral issues (ethical dilemmas).
Awareness / Individual / New / 2011 / Valentine & Bateman / Journal of Business Ethics / Competitive social context is negatively related to recognition of an ethical issue.
Awareness / Individual / New / 2011 / Valentine & Bateman / Journal of Business Ethics / Social consensus is positively related to recognition of an ethical issue.
Awareness / Individual / Organizational commitment / 2008 / Bell & Hughes-jones / Journal of Business Ethics / Social identity does not affect moralization of deviant behavior.
Awareness / Individual / Philosophy / value orientation / 2005 / McCullough & Faught / Journal of Business Ethics / Liberalism is more related to being rationalist in their awareness.
Awareness / Individual / Philosophy / value orientation / 2006 / Chan & Leung / Managerial Auditing Journal / There is no significant relationship between idealism and ethical sensitivity.
Awareness / Individual / Philosophy / value orientation / 2006 / Chan & Leung / Managerial Auditing Journal / There is no significant relationship between relativism and ethical sensitivity.
Awareness / Individual / Philosophy / value orientation / 2007 / Moberg & Caldwell / Journal of Business Ethics / Moral identity was not related to moral imagination.
Awareness / Individual / Philosophy / value orientation / 2008 / LysonskiDurvasula / The Journal of Consumer of Marketing / Ethical orientation is positively associated with ethical belief in downloading. (sig)
Awareness / Individual / Philosophy / value orientation / 2009 / Mencl & May / Journal of Business Ethics / Empathy was positively related to moral recognition and principle-based moral evaluation.
Awareness / Individual / Philosophy / value orientation / 2010 / Elias & Farag / Managerial Auditing Journal / The love of money is significantly related to perceptions of cheating.
Awareness / Individual / Philosophy / value orientation / 2010 / Ho / Business Ethics: A European Review / Ethical values such as face, relationship orientation and monetary orientation do not contribute to differences in ethical perceptions.
Awareness / Individual / Philosophy / value orientation / 2010 / Marquardt / Ethics & Behavior / Implicit attitudes significantly contributed more than explicit attitude on moral awareness.
Awareness / Individual / Philosophy / value orientation / 2011 / Valentine & Bateman / Journal of Business Ethics / Idealism is positively related to recognition of an ethical issue.
Awareness / Individual / Philosophy / value orientation / 2011 / Valentine & Bateman / Journal of Business Ethics / Relativism is negatively related to recognition of an ethical issue.
Awareness / Individual / Religion / 2005 / McCullough & Faught / Journal of Business Ethics / Religiousness tends to be positively related to being more moralistic.
Awareness / Individual / Religion / 2008 / Ibrahim & Howard / Journal of Business Ethics / Religiosity has an impact on students' attitudes toward ethical responsibility, but not for managers.
Awareness / Individual / Religion / 2009 / Vitell et al. / Journal of Business Ethics / Intrinsic religiosity has a positive impact on moral identification.
Awareness / Individual / Religion / 2010 / Ho / Business Ethics: A European Review / Differences in ethical perception were found when one culture's religious values attribute moral significance to something that another culture's does not.
Awareness / Individual / Significant others / 2006 / Brymer et al. / International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management / The ethical beliefs of hospitality students were most influenced by their parents and least influenced by college courses in religion.
Awareness / Individual / Significant others / 2010 / Flynn & Wiltermuth / Academy of Management Journal / Individuals overestimate how much others share their ethical viewpoints.
Awareness / Individual / Work experience / 2010 / EwejeBrunton / Business Ethics: A European Review / Ethical awareness increases with work experience.
Awareness / Organizational / Biases / 2010 / Flynn & Wiltermuth / Academy of Management Journal / High Organizational centrality can led to bias ethical awareness.
Awareness / Organizational / Ethical climate / culture / 2011 / Rottig et al. / Decision Sciences / A formal ethical infrastructure (formal communication, recurring communication, formal surveillance & formal sanctions) is positively related to moral awareness.
Awareness / Organizational / Organizational climate / culture / 2007 / Caldwell & Moberg / Journal of Business Ethics / Strong moral imagination is influenced by firm culture.
Awareness / Organizational / Organizational climate / culture / 2007 / Moberg & Caldwell / Journal of Business Ethics / The ethical climate of an organization is positively related to moral imagination.
Awareness / Organizational / Organizational climate / culture / 2008 / Bell & Hughes-jones / Journal of Business Ethics / Legitimate power does not affect moralization of deviant behavior.
Awareness / Organizational / Organizational climate / culture / 2009 / HayiborWasieleski / Journal of Business Ethics / The perception of moral intensity is directly influenced by the magnitude of consequences and social consensus.
Awareness / Organizational / Rewards and sanctions / 2008 / Bell & Hughes-jones / Journal of Business Ethics / Reward and coercion power are positively associated with moralization of deviant behavior.
Awareness / Organizational / Rewards and sanctions / 2008 / Greenfield et al / Journal of Business Ethics / Personal benefit was associated with ethical position.
Awareness / Organizational / Subjective norms / 2006 / Pelletier & Bligh / Journal of Business Ethics / Employee perceptions of organizational preconditions, ethical leadership and informal ethical norms have influence on perceptions of ethics program effectiveness.
Awareness / Moral intensity / Moral intensity / 2004 / Leitsch / Journal of Business Ethics / The type and intensity of the moral issue affect moral sensitivity.
Awareness / Moral intensity / Moral intensity / 2006 / Leitsch / Accounting Education: An International Journal / Moral intensity as a 2 dimensional construct and these dimensions did not significantly predict moral sensitivity.
Awareness / Moral intensity / Moral intensity / 2006 / Leitsch / Accounting Education: An International Journal / Moral intensity did not significantly predict moral sensitivity. However, when moral sensitivity was combined with moral intensity then it was a better predictor of awareness.
Awareness / Moral intensity / Moral intensity / 2006 / Reynolds / Journal of Applied Psychology / Harm was positively related to moral awareness.
Awareness / Moral intensity / Moral intensity / 2009 / Mencl & May / Journal of Business Ethics / Magnitude of consequences were moderately and positively related to principle-based evaluation, but were not related to moral recognition, and utilitarian evaluation.
Awareness / Moral intensity / Moral intensity / 2011 / Valentine & Bateman / Journal of Business Ethics / Moral intensity is positively related to recognition of an ethical issue.
Awareness / Individual / Cognive moral development / ethical judgment / 2008 / Kurpis et al. / Journal of Business Ethics / Moral self-improvement is positively associated with perceived importance of ethics and ethical problem recognition.
Awareness / Individual / Nationality / 2006 / Brymer et al. / International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management / US hospitality students were slightly less ethically tolerant than their European counterparts.
Awareness / Individual / New / 2005 / Ebrahimi, Petrick & Young / Journal of Business Ethics / Higher levels of managerial role motivation is associated with greater managerial role-related ethical orientation.
Behavior / Individual / Age / 2009 / Gupta et al. / Journal of Legal, Ethical and Regulatory Issues / Students' ethical choices are not influenced by their age.
Behavior / Individual / Awareness / 2007 / Manley et al. / Journal of Managerial Psychology / Conscientiousness can predict ethical decision making when measured by a bio data test.
Behavior / Individual / Cognitive moral development / ethical judgment / 2004 / West et al. / Journal of Business Ethics / There was no significant relationship between moral judgment and cheating.
Behavior / Individual / Cognitive moral development / ethical judgment / 2005 / Church et al. / Business Ethics Quarterly / Moral reasoning was significantly related to ethical behavior.
Behavior / Individual / Cognitive moral development / ethical judgment / 2007 / Gurley et al. / Journal of Legal, Ethical and Regulatory Issues / Moral values are significantly related to ethical behavior.
Behavior / Individual / Cognitive moral development / ethical judgment / 2007 / McEachern et al. / The Journal of Product and Brand Management / Consumers' moral obligation led to ethical brand choice.
Behavior / Individual / Cognitive moral development / ethical judgment / 2008 / Chang & Yen / Journal of Business Ethics / Moral development level significantly affects managers project continuance decisions.