Appendix A. Anxiety Disorders That Were Included in GBD2010 As Classified in DSM-IV And

SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL

Appendix A. Anxiety disorders that were included in GBD2010 as classified in DSM-IV and ICD10 diagnostic manuals.

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition
(DSM-IV) / The International Classification of Mental and
Behavioural Disorders: Diagnostic Criteria
for Research (ICD10)
Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) /

• Generalized anxiety disorder, includes overanxious disorder of childhood (300.02)

/

• Generalized anxiety disorder (F41.1)
• Generalized anxiety disorder of childhood (F93.80)

Phobias /

• Agoraphobia without history of panic disorder (300.22)
• Specific Phobia (300.29)
• Social Phobia (Social anxiety disorder) (300.23)

/

• Agoraphobia, with (F40.01) and without panic disorder (F40.00)
• Specific (isolated) phobias (F40.2, F40.8-40.9)
• Social phobias (F40.1)
• Other phobic anxiety disorders (F40.8)
• Phobic anxiety disorder of childhood (F93.1)
• Social anxiety disorder of childhood (F93.2)

Panic disorder /

• Panic disorder without agoraphobia (433)
• Panic disorder with agoraphobia (300.21)

/

• Panic disorder (F41.0)

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) /

• Obsessive compulsive disorder (300.3)

/

• Obsessive-compulsive disorder (F42)

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) /

• Posttraumatic stress disorder (309.81)

/

• Post-traumatic stress disorder (F43.1)

Separation anxiety disorder (SAD) /

• Separation anxiety disorder (309.21)

/

• Separation anxiety disorder of childhood (F93.0)

Other anxiety disorders /

• Anxiety disorder not otherwise specified (NOS) (300.00)

/

• Anxiety disorder, unspecified (F41.9)

Appendix B. Summary of prevalence studies included in the analysis

Source / Country / Coveragea / Urban / Sample size / Anxiety disordersb / Age range / Study period / Survey instrc / Diag criteriad / Type of prev / Prev, %e
Euro/Anglo
(Andrews et al. 1999; Andrews et al. 2001) / Australia / National / Mixed / 10,641 / Panic Ag GAD Socph OCDPTSD / 18-65 / 1997 / CIDI 2.1 / DSM -IV / Current / T: 3.8
12-mth / T: 5.6
ICD10 / Current / T: 5.5
12-mth / M: 7.1
F: 12.0
(Slade et al. 2009; McEvoy et al. 2011) / Australia / National / Mixed / 8,841 / Panic Ag GAD Socph OCD PTSD / 16-85 / 2007 / CIDI 3.0 / DSM-IV / 12-mth / T: 11.8
M: 8.9
F: 14.6
ICD10 / Current / T: 7.7
12-mth / T: 14.4
(WMHS Consortium 2008) / Belgium / National / Mixed / 2,419 / Panic Ag GAD Socph Sph PTSD / 20+ / 2001 - 02 / CIDI 3.0 / DSM-IV / Current / M: 4.0
F: 5.4
12-mth / M: 6.4
F: 7.9
(Andrade et al. 2000) / Canada / Regional / Mixed / 6,261 / Panic Ag GAD Socph Sph / CIDI / DSM-IIIR / Current / T: 6.2
12-mth / T: 12.4
(Nguyen et al. 2005) / Canada / National / Mixed / 5,673 / Panic Ag Socph / 15-24 / 2002 / CIDI / DSM-IV / Current / M: 2.6
F: 5.7
12-mth / M: 4.3
F: 8.9
(Breton et al. 1999) / Canada / Regional / Mixed / 2,400 / GAD Sph SAD / 6-14 / 1992 / DISC 2.2 / DSM-IIIR / 6-mth / T: 4.8
(Aalto-Setala et al. 2001) / Finland / Regional / Urban / 647 / Panic GAD PTSD NOSSAD / 20-24 / 1995 / SCAN / DSM-IV / Current / M: 2.0
F: 10.3
(Almqvist et al. 1999) / Finland / National / Mixed / 5,813 / GAD Socph Sph OCD / 8-9 / 1997 / Clinical iv / DSM-IIIR / Current / M: 3.1
F: 7.3
(Pirkola et al. 2005) / Finland / National / Mixed / 6,005 / Panic Ag Socph GAD / 30+ / 2000 - 01 / CIDI 2.1 / DSM-IV / 12-mth / M: 3.7
F: 4.8
(Mathet et al. 2003) / France / Regional / Mixed / 155 / Panic Ag GAD Socph Sph OCD SAD / 7 - 17 / 1999 / K-SADS / DSM-IV / Current / T: 3.7 - 5.3
(Ritchie et al. 2004) / France / National / Mixed / 1,863 / Panic Ag GAD Socph OCD / 65+ / 1999 - 01 / MINI / DSM-IV / Current / M: 8.7
F: 18.1
(WMHS Consortium 2008) / France / National / Mixed / 2,894 / Panic Ag GAD Socph Sph OCD PTSD / 19+ / 2001 - 03 / CIDI 3.0 / DSM-IV / Current / M: 3.2
F: 6.9
12-mth / M: 5.8
F: 10.9
(Wittchen et al. 1998) / Germany / Community / Urban / 3,021 / Panic Ag GAD Socph Sph OCD PTSDNOS / 14-24 / 1995 / M-CIDI / DSM-IV / 12-mth / M: 4.7
F: 13.8
(Meyer et al. 2001) / Germany / Regional / Mixed / 4,075 / Panic Ag GAD SocphSph OCD PTSDNOS / 18-64 / 1996 - 97 / CIDI / DSM-IV / Current / M: 2.5
F: 7.3
(Jacobi et al. 2004) / Germany / National / Mixed / 7,124 / Any anxiety excluding PTSD / 18-65 / 1998 - 99 / CIDI / DSM-IV / Current / M: 5.3
F: 12.7
12-mth / M: 9.2
F: 19.8
(WMHS Consortium 2008) / Germany / National / Mixed / 3,555 / Panic Ag GAD Socph Sph PTSD SAD / 20+ / 2002 - 03 / CIDI 3.0 / DSM-IV / Current / M: 3.8
F: 8.1
12-mth / M: 6.0
F: 10.9
(Lynch et al. 2006) / Ireland / Community / Urban / 723 / Panic GAD Sph OCD SAD / 12-15 / 2004 / K-SADS / DSM-IV / Current / T: 3.7
(WMHS Consortium 2008) / Israel / National / Mixed / 4,859 / Panic Ag GAD PTSD / 21+ / 2003 - 04 / CIDI 3.0 / DSM-IV / Current / M: 0.9
F: 1.7
12-mth / M: 2.7
F: 5.0
(Faravelli et al. 1989) / Italy / Community / Mixed / 1,110 / PanicAgGAD SocphSph OCD PTSD NOS / 15+ / 1987 / Clinical iv / DSM-III / Current / T: 8.0
(Carta et al. 1991) / Italy / Regional / Rural / 374 / Not reported / 24+ / 1989 / PSE / Catego / Current / M: 0 - 8.8
F: 3.6 - 24.1
(Gigantesco et al. 2006) / Italy / Community / Urban / 267 / Panic Ag GAD SocphSph OCD / 18+ / 1993 - 00 / CIDI / ICD10 / Current / M: 2.4
F: 5.7
12-mth / M: 2.4
F: 8.5
PSE / ICD9 / Current / M: 1.8
F: 3.3
(Faravelli et al. 2004) / Italy / Community / Mixed / 2,363 / Panic Ag GAD Socph Sph OCD PTSD NOS / 14+ / 2001 / Clinical iv / DSM-IV / Current / M: 3.9
F: 9.4
12-mth / M: 4.9
F: 10.7
(WMHS Consortium 2008) / Italy / National / Mixed / 4,712 / Panic AgGAD Socph Sph PTSD SAD / 19+ / 2001 - 03 / CIDI 3.0 / DSM-IV / Current / M: 1.5
F: 5.7
12-mth / M: 2.7
F: 8.6
(Beekman et al. 1998) / Netherlands / National / Mixed / 3,056 / Panic Ag GAD Socph SphOCD / 55-85 / 1992 - 93 / DIS / DSM-III / 6-mth / M: 4.2 - 10.3
F: 9.1 - 16.6
(Verhulst et al. 1997) / Netherlands / National / Mixed / 274 / Panic Ag GAD Socph SphOCD SAD / 13-18 / 1993 / DISC / DSM-IIIR / 6-mth / T: 10.5
(Bijl et al. 1998) / Netherlands / National / Mixed / 7,076 / Panic Ag GAD Socph SphOCD / 18-64 / 1996 - 99 / CIDI / DSM-IIIR / Current / M: 6.5
F: 12.9
12-mth / M: 8.3
F: 16.6
(WMHS Consortium 2008) / Netherlands / National / Mixed / 2,372 / Panic Ag GAD Socph Sph PTSD SAD / 20+ / 2001 - 03 / CIDI 3.0 / DSM-IV / Current / M: 2.8
F: 8.9
12-mth / M: 4.2
F: 12.2
(Oakley-Browne et al. 1989) / New Zealand / Community / Urban / 1498 / Panic Ag Socph Sph OCD somatization / 18-64 / 1986 / DIS / DSM-III / 12-mth / T: 8.4
(Fergusson et al. 1993) / New Zealand / Community / Urban / 961 / GAD Socph Sph SAD / 15 / 1992 / DISC / DSM-IIIR / 12-mth / M: 6.9-11.7
F: 18.8-22.3
(Anderson et al. 1987) / New Zealand / Community / Mixed / 957 / Panic Ag GAD Socph Sph OCD / 21 / 1993 - 94 / DIS / DSM-IIIR / Current / T: 17.7
(WMHS Consortium 2008) / New Zealand / National / Mixed / 12,992 / Panic Ag GAD Socph Sph PTSD / 17+ / 2003-04 / CIDI 3.0 / DSM-IV / Current / M: 5.6
F: 10.9
12-mth / M: 9.9
F: 17.3
(Sandanger et al. 1999) / Norway / Regional / Mixed / 1,879 / Anxiety disorders (ICD F41.0-F41.8) / 20-79 / 1989 - 91 / CIDI / ICD10 / Current / M: 4.5 - 11.1
F: 11.3 - 15.9
(McConnell et al. 2002) / United Kingdom / Regional / Mixed / 923 / Panic Ag GAD Sph PTSD / 18-64 / 1993 - 94 / SCAN / ICD10 / Current / M: 2.1
F: 4.4
(West et al. 2003) / United Kingdom / Regional / Urban / 1,733 / Panic GAD Socph OCD / 15 / 1994 - 99 / DISC / DSM-IV / Current / M: 4.9
F: 8.6
(Ford et al. 2003) / United Kingdom / National / Mixed / 10,438 / Panic Ag GAD Socph SphOCD PTSD SAD NOS / 5-15 / 1999 / DAWBA / DSM-IV / Current / M: 3.5
F: 4.0
(Green et al. 2004) / United Kingdom / National / Mixed / 7,977 / Panic Ag GAD Socph SphOCD PTSD NOS SAD / 5-15 / 2004 / DAWBA / ICD10 / Current / M: 2.8
F: 3.7
(Regier et al. 1990) / USA / National / Mixed / 18,571 / Panic Ag Socph Sph OCD / 18+ / 1980 - 83 / DIS / DSM-III / Current / M: 4.7
F: 9.7
(Lewinsohn et al. 1993) / USA / Regional / Mixed / 1,710 / Panic Ag GAD Socph Sph OCD SAD / 14-18 / 1988 - 90 / K-SADS / DSM-IIIR / Current / M: 1.5
F: 4.7
(Narrow et al. 2002) / USA / National / Mixed / 7,599 / Panic Ag GAD Socph Sph PTSD / 18-54 / 1989 - 92 / CIDI / DSM-IIIR / 12-mth / T: 12.1
(Kessler et al. 1994) / USA / National / Mixed / 8,098 / Panic Ag GAD Socph Sph SAD / 15-54 / 1990 - 92 / CIDI / DSM-IIIR / 12-mth / M: 11.8
F: 22.6
(Andrade et al. 2000) / USA / National / Mixed / 5,388 / Panic Ag GAD Socph Sph / 18-54 / 1990 - 92 / CIDI / DSM-IIIR / Current / T: 10.3
12-mth / T: 17.0
(Costello et al. 2003) / USA / Regional / Mixed / 1,420 / Panic Ag GAD SphOCD PTSD SAD / 9-16 / 1992 - 00 / CAPA / DSM-IV / 3-mth / M: 2.0
F: 2.9
(Shaffer et al. 1996) / USA / Regional / Mixed / 1,285 / Ag GAD Socph Sph SAD / 9-17 / 1992 / DISC 2.3 / DSM-IIIR / 6 mth / T: 13.0
(Angold et al. 2002) / USA / Regional / Rural / 920 / Panic Ag GAD Socph SphOCD SAD / 9-17 / 2000 / CAPA / DSM-IV / 3-mth / M: 4.2
F: 7.1
(WMHS Consortium 2008) / USA / National / Mixed / 9,281 / Panic Ag GAD Socph SphPTSD SAD / 18+ / 2002 - 03 / CIDI 3.0 / DSM-IV / Current / M: 7.0
F: 12.8
Indo/Asia
(Islam et al. 2003) / Bangladesh / Regional / Urban / 1,145 / - / 18+ / 1996-97 / Clinical iv / DSM-IV / Current / T: 2.7
(Monawar Hosain et al. 2007) / Bangladesh / Community / Rural / 766 / - / 18-60 / 2000 / Clinical iv / DSM-IV / Current / M: 5.4
F: 4.6
(Mullick et al. 2005) / Bangladesh / Regional / Urban / 922 / GAD Socph Sph PTSD OCD SAD / 5-10 / 2004 / DAWBA / ICD10 / Current / T: 3.8
Urban (slums) / T: 10.6
Rural / T: 9.3
(Leung et al. 2008) / China (Hong Kong) / Regional / Urban / 541 / Ag GAD Socph Sph OCD SAD / 13-15 / 2001 / DISC / DSM-IV / Current / M: 5
F: 8.7
(Phillips et al. 2009) / China / National / Mixed / 63,004 / Panic Ag GAD Socph Sph OCD PTSD NOS / 18+ / 2001-05 / SCID / DSM-IV / Current / M: 4.1
Urban / F: 7.3
Rural / T: 6.9
(WMHS Consortium 2008) / China / Regional / Urban / 5,201 / Panic Ag GAD Socph Sph PTSD SAD / 18+ / 2002-03 / CIDI 3.0 / DSM-IV / Current / M: 1.3
F: 1.6
12-mth / M: 2.3
F: 2.8
(WMHS Consortium 2008) / China / Regional / - / 7,132 / Panic Ag GAD Socph Sph / 18+ / 2006-07 / CIDI 3.0 / DSM-IV / Current / M: 0.9
F: 1.4
12-mth / M: 2.1
F: 3.6
(Premarajan et al. 1993) / India / Regional / Urban / 1,066 / Anxiety neuroses (300.0) / 13-60 / 1998-99 / Clinical iv / ICD9 / Current / M: 0.7
F: 2.9
(Joshi et al. 2003) / India / Regional / Mixed / 200 / Anxiety neuroses (ICD10 F41) / 60+ / 1999-00 / Clinical iv / ICD10 / Current / T: 8.0
(Pillai et al. 2008) / India / Regional / Mixed / 2,048 / Panic Ag GAD Socph OCD PTSD SAD NOS / 12-16 / 2002-03 / DAWBA / DSM-IV / Current / T: 1.0
(WMHS Consortium 2008) / India / Regional / - / 2,992 / Panic Ag GAD Socph SphOCD PTSD SAD / 18+ / 2003-05 / CIDI 3.0 / DSM-IV / Current / M: 2.1
F: 4.7
12-mth / M: 6.4
F: 11.6
(WMHS Consortium 2008) / Japan / National / Mixed / 3,416 / Panic Ag GAD Socph Sph PTSD / 23+ / 2002-04 / CIDI 3.0 / DSM-IV / Current / M: 2.1
F: 3.0
12-mth / M: 3.0
F: 5.3
(Cho et al. 2007) / South Korea / National / Mixed / 6,275 / Panic GAD Socph Sph OCD PTSD / 18-64 / 2001 / CIDI 2.1 / DSM-IV / 12-mth / M: 2.9
F: 9.4
(Gau et al. 2005) / Taiwan / Regional / Mixed / 3,156 / Panic Ag GAD Socph Sph OCDSAD / K-SADS / DSM-IV / 3-mth / T: 6.6
(Viet Nam, 2006) / Vietnam / National / Mixed / 78,290 / Anxiety neuroses (ICD10 F41) / 10-79 / 2006 / MINI / DSM-IV / 12-mth / M: 0.5-2.4
Central/East Europe
(WMHS Consortium 2008) / Bulgaria / National / - / 5,318 / Panic Ag GAD Socph Sph PTSD SAD / 18+ / 2003 / CIDI 3.0 / DSM-IV / Current / M: 2.2
F: 5.4
12-mth / M: 3.3
F: 7.7
(WMHS Consortium 2008) / Romania / National / - / 2,357 / Panic Ag GAD Socph SphOCD PTSD SAD / 20 - 84 / 2005 - 06 / CIDI 3.0 / DSM-IV / Current / M: 1.8
F: 4.7
(WMHS Consortium 2008) / Ukraine / National / Mixed / 4,724 / Panic Ag GAD Socph PTSD / 18+ / 2002 / CIDI 3.0 / DSM-IV / Current / M: 1.8
F: 3.6
12-mth / M: 2.8
F: 5.9
Africa
(Awas et al. 1999) / Ethiopia / Community / Rural / 3,108 / Anxiety disorders (ICD F4.1-F41.8) and phobias (F40-F40.2) / 15+ / 1995 - 96 / CIDI / ICD10 / Current / M: 4.8
F: 7.6
(WMHS Consortium 2008) / Nigeria / National / Mixed / 6,752 / Panic Ag GAD Socph SphOCD PTSD / 18+ / 2002 - 04 / CIDI 3.0 / DSM-IV / Current / M: 1.9
F: 2.8
12-mth / M: 4.1
F: 5.4
(Adewuya et al. 2007) / Nigeria / Regional / Mixed / 1,090 / Panic Ag GAD Socph Sph OCD PTSD SAD / 13 - 18 / 2005 / MINI / DSM-IV / 12-mth / M: 11.4
F: 19.6
(WMHS Consortium 2008) / South Africa / National / Mixed / 4,315 / Panic Ag GAD Socph PTSD / 18+ / 2003 - 04 / CIDI 3.0 / DSM-IV / Current / M: 2.2
F: 5.8
12-mth / M: 5.3
F: 10.7
(Orley et al. 1979) / Uganda / Community / Rural / 206 / - / 18 - 65 / 1972 / PSE / Catego / Current / M: 3.1
F: 4.3
(Abas et al. 1997) / Zimbabwe / Community / Urban / 172 / Anxiety disorders (DSM 300.0-300.3) / 18 - 65 / 1991 - 92 / PSE / ICD9 / Current / F: 3.5
North Africa/Middle East
(Ventevogel et al. 2007) / Afghanistan / Regional / Rural / 116 / Panic AgGAD Socph Sph OCD PTSD / 17-80 / 2004 / Clinical iv / ICD10 / Current / M: 28.3
F: 20.6
(Ghanem et al. 2009) / Egypt / National / Mixed / 14,640 / Panic Ag GAD Socph Sph OCD PTSD Mixed anxiety / 18 - 64 / 2003 / MINI / DSM-IV / Current / T: 4.8
(WMHS Consortium 2008) / Iraq / National / - / 4,332 / Panic Ag GAD Socph Sph OCD PTSD / 18 - 79 / 2006 - 07 / CIDI 3.0 / DSM-IV / Current / M: 2.9
F: 8.0
12-mth / M: 4.9
F: 10.1
(WMHS Consortium 2008) / Lebanon / National / Mixed / 2,857 / Panic Ag GAD Socph Sph PTSD / 18+ / 2002 - 03 / CIDI 3.0 / DSM-IV / Current / M: 3.5
F: 8.9
12-mth / M: 5.3
F: 12.4
(Kadri et al. 2007) / Morocco / Regional / Urban / 800 / Panic Ag GAD Socph OCD PTSD / 15 - 80 / 2004 / MINI / DSM-IV / Current / T: 25.5
(Andrade et al. 2000) / Turkey / National / Mixed / 6,095 / Panic Ag GAD Socph Sph / 18 - 54 / 1991 - 94 / CIDI / DSM-IIIR / Current / T: 5.0
12-mth / T: 5.8
(Ghubash et al. 1992) / United Arab Emirates / Community / Urban / 300 / Anxiety disorders (300.0) and phobias (300.2) / 16 - 64 / 1989 - 90 / PSE / ICD9 / Current / F: 7.0
Ibero/Latin
(Andrade et al. 2002) / Brazil / Community / Urban / 1,464 / Panic Ag Socph Sph OCD / 18+ / 1994 - 96 / CIDI / ICD10 / Current / M: 3.5
F: 7.8
12-mth / M: 4.0
F: 10.4
(Fleitlich-Bilyk et al. 2004) / Brazil / Community / Mixed / 1,251 / Panic Ag GAD Socph Sph OCD PTSD NOS SAD / 41821 / 2000 - 01 / DAWBA / DSM-IV / Current / M: 4.4
F: 6.1
(WMHS Consortium 2008) / Brazil / Community / Urban / 5,037 / Panic Ag GAD Socph Sph OCD PTSD SAD / 18+ / 2005 - 07 / CIDI 3.0 / DSM-IV / Current / M: 7.0
F: 16.3
12-mth / M: 10.3
F: 20.9
(Vicente et al. 2004; Vicente et al. 2006) / Chile / National / Mixed / 2,978 / Panic Ag GAD Socph Sph OCD PTSD / 15+ / 1992-96 / CIDI / DSM-IIIR / Current / M: 2.2
F: 11.0
12-mth / M: 3.7
F: 16.5
(WMHS Consortium 2008) / Colombia / National / Urban / 4,426 / Panic Ag GAD Socph Sph OCD PTSD / 18+ / 2003 / CIDI 3.0 / DSM-IV / Current / M: 5.8
F: 8.7
12-mth / M: 9.9
F: 14.4
(Andrade et al. 2000) / Mexico / Community / Urban / 1,734 / Panic Ag GAD Socph Sph / 18 - 54 / 1995 / CIDI / DSM-IIIR / Current / T: 2.3
12-mth / T: 4.0
(WMHS Consortium 2008) / Mexico / National / Urban / 5,782 / Panic Ag GAD Socph Sph PTSD SAD / 18+ / 2001 - 02 / CIDI 3.0 / DSM-IV / Current / M: 1.9
F: 5.9
12-mth / M: 4.7
F: 10.0
(Benjet et al. 2009) / Mexico / Community / Urban / 3,005 / Panic Ag GAD Socph Sph PTSD SAD / 12 - 17 / 2005 / CIDI 3.0 / DSM-IV / 12-mth / T: 29.8
(Canino et al. 2004) / Puerto Rico / National / Mixed / 1,897 / Panic GAD Socph PTSD SAD / 4 – 17 / 1999-00 / DISC / DSM-IV / 12-mth / T: 6.9
(Canals et al. 1997) / Spain / Regional / - / 290 / Panic Ag GAD Sph OCD / 17 - 18 / 1995 / SCAN / DSM-IIIR / Current / M: 2.2
F: 3.3
(WMHS Consortium 2008) / Spain / National / Mixed / 5,473 / Panic Ag GAD Socph Sph PTSD SAD / 18+ / 2001 - 02 / CIDI 3.0 / DSM-IV / Current / M: 1.8
F: 5.6
12-mth / M: 3.0
F: 8.2

aCoverage: Geographic sampling frame

b Panic = panic disorder; Ag =agoraphobia; GAD = generalized anxiety disorder;Socph = social phobia;Sph = specific phobias; OCD = obsessive-compulsive disorder; PTSD =post-traumatic stress disorder; NOS = anxiety disorder – not otherwise specified; SAD = separation anxiety disorder.

cSurvey instruments: Clinical iv = Structured Clinical Interview for DSM (SCID) & the Schedules for Clinical Assessment in Neuropsychiatry (Eytan et al.)other semi-structured interview administered by a clinician; CIDI 3 = Composite International Diagnostic Interview(v3); CIDI 1/2, MINI = Composite International Diagnostic Interview (v1 or 2) & the Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview; DIS/CIS-R = Diagnostic Interview schedule & the Clinical Interview Schedule – Revised; Child surveys = Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Assessment(CAPA), Development and Well-Being Assessment (DAWBA), Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children(DISC), Kiddie-Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia (K-SADS).

d DSM: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual; ICD: International Classification of Mental and Behavioural Disorders.

e T: persons, M: males, F: females

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