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APPENDIX 1Assumptions – Fire Infrastructure
Assumed cost for the fire system
Component: / Fire SystemCost: / £2,420,136 / Estimated final cost (2009) – Primary data source
2009 USD: / $3,787,331
2002 USD: / $3,175,867
Replacement every (years): / 20
Number of refreshes: / 3
Total cost over 60 years, 2002 USD: / $9,527,600
Cost per kW of IT per year: / 12.3 / $/kW/year
System self-weight (kg): / 3,271
Number of refreshes: / 3
Weight per kW of IT per year: / 0.0127 / kg/kW/year
Assumptions made in determining the components of the fire systeminventory
Component / AssumptionsFire
system / Costing / Cost taken from a project cost report.
The cost given in the report is for the first stage of work. In the second stage it has been assumed that an additional 4 halls will be added along with a further Communications and Vendor Access Room. There will be less additional plant (in the ancillary areas) than in the first stage. As a result the cost for stage 2 has been estimated at 80% of the stage 1 cost.
N.B. The fire system cost would include the cost of the pipework (modelled separately). In the first instance, and conservatively, no effort has been made to omit this cost as it is unlikely the fire system will be a model hotspot. Future modelling should improve this figure.
Modelling / Modelled as NAICS sector 334290 - Other Communications Equipment Manufacturing, and in particular ‘Fire detection and alarm system manufacturing’
Components / Includes: sprinklers; alarms; smoke, flame and heat detectors; visual warning devices; manual break glass alarms; Vesda sampling points; MASDS smoke detectors; sub fire indicator panels; vesda compacts; pre-action sprinkler indicator panels; air maintenance units; vesda scanners.
Assumed weight for the pipework
Component: / PipeworkSystem self-weight (kg): / 42,529 / Drawings
(Primary data source)
Replacement every (years): / 20
Number of refreshes: / 3
Total weight over 60 years (kg): / 127,587
Weight per kW of IT per year: / 0.1649 / kg/kW/year
Assumptions made in determining the pipework inventory
Component / AssumptionsPipework / Size / Pipes range in size from 25mm to 150mm therefore an average of 90mm is assumed for all pipes
Material / PVC assumed for all
Specification / Durapipe
size 3 class E 15 bar @20oC, self-weight = 2.13 kg/m
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APPENDIX 2Assumptions – External Infrastructure
Assumptionsmade in determining the external infrastructure inventory. Note specification and quantities taken from project specifications and drawings (primary data sources)
Component / AssumptionCable / 120/XLPE/SWA/LSF/Cu Cabling - modelled as a three conductor cable
Ethernet / CAT 5 STP
PVC pipe / Class E 15 bar @ 20oC size 3 (2.13 kg/m) - page 28
Class E 15 bar @ 20oC size 1 1/2 (0.67 kg/m) - page 28
Surface, harvested rain water pumped main assumed uPVC (no mention on dwgs.)
Foul water assumed to be PVC.
Copper / Gas main duct assumed to include copper pipework.
Type K (3 5/8) - McQuay Refrigerant Piping Design Guide
Weight = 5.12 lb/ft (7.62 kg/m) - page 49
Material densities / Reinforced Concrete (normal weight): 2307 kg/m3 (BS 648 - 2% rebar assumed)
MDPE (40mm): 0.699 kg/m (BS 648 - extrapolation from pipe with 57.2mm internal diameter, to 40mm)
MDPE (63mm): 1.101 kg/m (BS 648 - extrapolation from pipe with 57.2mm internal diameter, to 63mm)
HDPE (31mm): 0.793 kg/m (BS 648 - extrapolation from pipe with 50.8mm internal diameter, to 31mm)
HDPE (50mm): 1.280 kg/m (BS 648 - extrapolation from pipe with 50.8mm internal diameter, to 50mm)
HDPE (100mm): 2.559 kg/m (BS 648 - extrapolation from pipe with 50.8mm internal diameter, to 100mm)
HDPE (150mm): 3.839 kg/m (BS 648 - extrapolation from pipe with 50.8mm internal diameter, to 150mm)
HDPE (200mm): 5.118 kg/m (BS 648 - extrapolation from pipe with 50.8mm internal diameter, to 200mm)
(u)PVC (101.6mm): 2.5 kg/m (BS 648 - Class C PVC assumed, 101.6mm diameter)
Pipes and ducts / 10% included for falls/drops
Ducts / 1No. 100mm Polyethylene duct (Polypipe Civils Rigiduct) assumed were no other ducts called up on the drawings.
Communications / It is assumed that in the second stage of the fit-out the communications cabling is doubled
Pipes / 1 pipe per duct - assumed same size as duct (conservative)
Ducts / 2 cables per duct (assumed)
APPENDIX 3Assumptions – PH Infrastructure
Assumptions made in determining the pipework inventory.
Component / AssumptionPlastic pipework / Material / All plastic pipes assumed to be PVC
Specification / PVC-U Class E (15 bar). Size 2. 60.3 mm diameter
Steel pipework / Specification / 40ST (t=.28in)
Assumed costs for thesoil and waste drainage system
Component: / Soil and Waste Drainage SystemCost: / £122,094 / Spon's M&E 2011, page 127
Average exchange rate 2011: / 1.604
2011 USD: / $122,094
Economic Index: / 0.800
2002 USD: / $156,646
Replacement every (years): / 20
Number of refreshes: / 3
Total cost over 60 years, 2002 USD: / $469,938
Cost per kW of IT per year: / 0.607 / $/kW/year
System self-weight (kg): / 400
Number of refreshes: / 3
Weight per kW of IT per year: / 0.00155 / kg/kW/year
Assumptions made in determining the PH infrastructure inventory.
Component / AssumptionPackaged GRP sewage pump chamber / Specification / 1200mm chamber, 2500mm deep, with duplicate macerator pumps.
Comparable to the New Haden Pumps System
Weight /
Pump / Weight / Endincare, Autoflush 30XL
Inspection chamber / Weight / 3.5kg base + assumed 5kg lid
HDPE pipework / Specification / Durapipe Akatherm HDPE, 110mm outer diameter, 80.7mm internal diameter
Volume / (PI()*(0.11/2)^2)-80.7/((10^2)^2)*1
Copper pipework / Specification / 2-1/8 - Copper
ABS pipework / Specification / Size 2 class E 217psig (15 bar) - ABS
Pipework / Drops / 10% included to account for drops
Soil and waste drainage system / Modelling / The components are combined and modelled as one complete system
Costing / Spon's M&E 2011, page 127(secondary data)
The Approximate Estimating - Elemental Costs have been used to assume a total cost for the Soil and Waste Disposal Installations.
Cost/m2 of technical area = £14/m2.
The technical area is based on 8 No. 1014 m2 data halls; 3 No. 111 m2 Communications rooms; and 3 No. 92m2 Vendor Access Rooms.
Technical area = 8,721 m2.
Modelling / Modelled as NAICS sector 333911 - Pump and pumping equipment manufacturing, and in particular 'Pumps, industrial and commercial-type, general purpose, manufacturing'.
Assumed costs for the remaining systems of the PH infrastructure inventory
Component: / Process Water Services / Leak Detection Tracing / Rainwater Harvesting / Domestic WaterCost: / £209,304 / £122,094 / £137,257 / £52,326
Year of cost: / 2011 / 2011 / 2011 / 2011
Average exchange rate: / 1.604 / 1.604 / 1.604 / 1.604
USD (year of cost): / $335,765 / $195,863 / $220,188 / $83,941
Economic Index: / 0.800 / 0.800 / 0.800 / 0.800
2002 USD: / $268,536 / $156,646 / $176,100 / $67,134
Replacement every (years): / 20 / 20 / 20 / 20
Number of refreshes: / 3 / 3 / 3 / 3
Total cost over 60 years, 2002 USD: / $805,608 / $469,938 / $528,301 / $201,402
Cost per kW of IT per year ($/kW/year): / 1.041 / 0.607 / 0.683 / 0.260
System self-weight (kg): / 93,992 / 373 / 22,114 / 3,488
Number of refreshes: / 3 / 3 / 3 / 3
Weight per kW of IT per year (kg/kW/year): / 0.364 / 0.00145 / 0.0857 / 0.0135
Assumptions made in determining the remaining systems of the PH infrastructure inventory.
Component / AssumptionLeak detection tracing / Costing / Spon's M&E 2011, data centre example costing, page 128.
The Approximate Estimating - Elemental Costs have been used to assume a total cost for the leak detection system.
Cost/m2 technical area = £14/m2.
Technical area = 8,721 m2 (8 No. 1014 m2 data halls; 3 No. 111 m2 Communications rooms; and 3 No. 92m2 Vendor Access Rooms).
Weights / Control panel - weight for Vimpex K200000 - weight for aqualarm could not be found.
Point of use detector (STDi-24) - weight assumed from dimensions.
Cable detection modules (CDBi-24) - weight assumed from dimensions.
Sensing cable (CD-5) -
Omissions / Warning labels and floor clips omitted because they provide a small contribution to the overall mass.
Modelling / Modelled as NAICS sector 334518/9 - Watch, clock and other measuring and controlling device manufacturing, and in particular 'Gas/Water Leak Detection Manufacturing'.
Domestic water / Costing / Spon's M&E 2011 data centre example costing used - page 127.
The Approximate Estimating - Elemental Costs has been used to assume a total cost for the domestic water system
Cost/m2 technical area = £6/m2.
The hot and cold water services in Spon's include the process water services. The overall cost given is £23.50 per m2 of technical space. The domestic water installation is only a very small part of this and so 20% of the cost has been assumed with the remaining 80% accounting for the process water services. The cost per m2 has also nominally been increased to £30/m2 to account for the solar panels and use of reverse osmosis with the RWH systemto ensure pure water for the humidifiers of the studied facility.
Technical area = 8,721 m2 (8 No. 1014 m2 data halls; 3 No. 111 m2 Communications rooms; and 3 No. 92m2 Vendor Access Rooms).
Materials / When establishing costs all fixtures were assumed to be plastic, but could also be vitreous china or metal
Weights / Wash basins - Ivo 550mm Basin & Full Pedestal - 1 Taphole (Plumbworld).
Toilets - Ivo Close Coupled Toilet WC (Plumbworld).
Expansion vessel and valves (80 L and 25 L) - assumed same as CNDW.
Pressurisation unit - MP41 (middle size assumed) -
Unvented HWS cylinders - Gledhill Stainless Lite Direct Stainless Steel Unvented Hot Water Cylinder (PlumbNation).
Scale inhibitor unit - assumed 200mm pipe dia. - JS-800 (Suprion) -
HWS Circulator - heaviest Groundflos assumed.
Air separator - Armstrong - Flexair 100 F. Assumed same as mechanical air and dirt separator.
Solar panels - Andrews glazed flat plate SOL 250H.
Waterless trap - Hepv0. Weight assumed.
Gas meter - weight assumed.
Valves - same as mechanical infrastructure valves.
Pumps - Wilo Ltd ST/7 solar pump.
Tundish/strainer/temperature gauges/drain cocks - same as mechanical infrastructure.
Modelling / Modelled as NAICS sector 333414 - Heating equipment (except warm air furnaces) manufacturing, and in particular 'Heating equipment, hot water (except hot water heaters), manufacturing ' and 'Solar heating systems manufacturing'.
Process water services / Costing / Spon's M&E 2011, data centre example costing, page 127
The Approximate Estimating - Elemental Costs for hot and cold water services has been used to assume a total cost for the process water services.
Cost/m2 technical area = £24/m2 (See comments in DW costing)
Technical area = 8,721 m2 (8 No. 1014 m2 data halls; 3 No. 111 m2 Communications rooms; and 3 No. 92m2 Vendor Access Rooms).
Weights / Back inlet gully, inspection chamber, drains, reverse osmosis unit, leak detection probes and all tanks - assumed weights.
Booster pump sets, water softening plant, strainers, UV treatment (heaviest assumed) and humidifier control taken from technical specifications.
Valves, tundish, meters - as for those in the mechanical infrastructure.
Hydraulic accumulators (25 L) -
Gauge weight assumed the same as meters.
Meter assumed the same as valves.
Hydraulic accumulator (500 L) - (extrapolation from a 200L tank)
Pump set weights include valve, pumps, strainers and accumulators.
Any overflows assumed part of the tank weights.
Humidifier manifolds / Assumed part of the mechanical infrastructure. Controls assumed part of the process water services.
Pipes / Assumed 1-1/4 size steel pipe (40ST)
Modelling / Modelled as NAICS sector 333319 - Other commercial and service industry machinery manufacturing, and in particular 'Water treatment equipment manufacturing'.
Rainwater harvesting (tanks, sumps, pumps) / Costing / Spon's M&E 2011, page 9
Part 1 of Spon's M&E - Engineering Features - includes a detailed look at Rainwater Harvesting. This has been used alongside prices from the Approximate Estimating - Elemental Costs section (for the data centre example costs) to piece together a price for the system as a whole.
Indicative costs are given based on an office in Leeds with a 2000m2 roof area and an underground collection tank of 25,000 litres. Though the roof area of the data centre (27,040m2) is far greater than the 2000m2 above, the underground tank size is similar (40,000 litres). Any tank cost is therefore apportioned according to the tank size and any other installations on the roof size.
System tanks and filters and controls - Unit Cost = £18,000 (additional 75% added to account for the stormwater attenuation tank).
Mains water back-up and distribution pump arrangement = £4,000
Connections to drainage - Unit Cost = £1,000
Nb. It is assumed that the drainage itself - syphonic outlets and drainpipes are not included in the above costs. This is therefore taken from Approximate Estimating - Elemental Costs for Disposal Installations - Rainwater. This would include all drainpipes which are already accounted for in the pipework modelling. The Cost/m2 is therefore applied for gutters and syphonic outlets. As these are specialist pieces of kit, it is assumed that 75% of the cost/m2 covers these parts of the system.
Disposal Installations - Rainwater - Unit Cost = £7.13/m2 of technical area (8,721m2).
Weights / Tank - Condor 40,000L - class 2 shell (MAX 2.5-40000, although actually CHT 2.5-40000)
Sumps - assumed the same as pumps.
Pumps - taken from the technical specification.
Valves - as for those in the mechanical infrastructure.
Silt collection storage, float controls, control panel, syphonic rain water outlet (assumed steel), rainwater and weir overflows, syphonic breaks - all assumed weights
Gutters - assumed 2kg/m
Storm water attenuator tank - 2 layers, 520mm deep each, assume 36m x 12 m on plan (estimate)
Pump chamber / Assumed all concrete (brickwork ignored). Ring shaft ignored.
Area on plan: ((2*4.05*0.35)+(3*2.1*0.35))*4.25
Stormwater attenuator tank / Assumed online, two layers, gravel, air vent pipe, geotextile, 2 layers of stormcell, diffusion layer, perforated distribution pipes, impermeable membrane.
Each stormcell is 2400 x 1200 x 120-520mm deep
Modelling / Modelled as NAICS sector 332420 - Metal tank (heavy gauge) manufacturing, and in particular 'Water tanks, heavy gauge metal manufacturing'.
RWH Reinforced Concrete / Concrete / Reinforced Concrete (normal weight): 2400 kg/m3 (BS 648 - 2% rebar assumed).
Tank assumed rectangular for calculation of surrounding concrete
(Dia.=2500; concrete = 300 beyond; length = 8500mm)
Steel / Assumed 2% of the reinforced concrete weight.
RWH Pipework / Material / Drainpipes all assumed 160mm diameter (internal) and 171.1mm external diameter.
250mm (internal diameter) collection mains have a 432mm external diameter.
HDPE assumed. 945 kg/m3.
Assumed 13.5m vertical drainpipes without any bends.
Collection mains include a 3m length from the outlet to the mains.
RWH Steel Accessories / Material / Hanging system assumed steel.
Drip trays and support / Assumed 10 mm thick. Continuous rail from which hanging rods are attached is assumed 30mm diameter.
1500mm centres, 2 per location, 3 valleys (continuous rails)
M10 Hanging rods: 1500mm centres, 4 per location, 3 valleys (hanging rods)
Longest length of hanger assumed(M10 = 10mm dia)
APPENDIX 4Assumptions – IT Infrastructure
Assumptions made in determining the components of the IT infrastructure inventory.
Component / AssumptionRacks / Number / Based on the total (peak) load per hall (2.3 MW) and load per rack (5 kW/rack) without exceeding the load/m2
(2268 W/m2). Number of racks = (load per hall)/(load per rack)
Self-weight / Assumed.
HP 10642 G2 Rack (42U rack, height (m) = 42 x 25.4/1000) Specifications
(rack depth: 1m, rack width: 0.6m, rack height: 1m)
Modelling / Modelled as the chassis of a network mains device to reflect the power components in a rack and factored up (Ecoinvent process - Chassis, network main devices).
Assumed the disposal included in the process refers to waste produce during the manufacturing stage.
Load/room / Data halls / Taken from design drawings
2.3 MW/room
Vendor access rooms / Taken from design drawings
209 kW/room
Communications rooms / Taken from design drawings
252 kW/room
Cabling / Length / It was assumed that the length of cable per rack = the total of the rack height and length of room.
Self-weight / Taken from the Ecoinvent process used to model the component (Cable, network cable, category 5, without plugs, at plant/GLO U). Self-weight = 0.036 kg/m.
ICT / Mix / Rack allocation based on data from Koomey, 2011, Growth in data center electricity use 2005 to 2010 (see Table 2 from Koomey, 2011 below).
Assumed allocation per rack - servers (70%, 3.5kW/rack, 10 No. U), storage (20%, 1kW/rack, 2.9 No. U), networking (10%, 0.5kW/rack, 1.4 No. U).
IT Power / Utilisation / 30% utilisation assumed from Fujitsu White Paper - Life Cycle Assessment and Product Carbon. Footprint Primergy TX 300 S5 and PRIMERGY RX 300 S5 Server (Fujitsu, 2010) (Barroso, 2009)(Koomey, 2007).
Idle power / 50% assumed (Ramakrishnan, 2012)
Rack density / 5 kW/rack assumed
Average in the UK was found to be 4.22 kW/rack, but conservatively and for modelling, 5kW/rack assumed.
DCD Focus, Volume 3, Issue 18, October/November 2011, page 86 (part of The 2011 Census, Energy and Monitoring six page special).
Power / The number of servers, storage and networking equipment populating the halls was based on the peak power
(350 W per U)however; an actual power (228 W per U) was used for their power utilisation.
U / 1U is assumed to be 350 W (peak power)
Each component is 1U
Storage / Weight / The self-weight was based on the Ecoinvent process used to model the storage (HDD, desktop computer, at plant/GLO U) which gave a self-weight of 0.575kg. As this is a desktop HDD, the self-weight was doubled to reflect storage in the data centre environment.
Networking / Weight / It was assumed that the self-weight was the same as the storage self-weight.
Modelling / Ecoinvent process - Router, IP network, at server.
Servers / Weight / The self-weight was based on the Ecoinvent process used to model the servers which gave a self-weight of 11.3 kg.
Modelling / Modelled as a computer without a screen (Ecoinvent process: Desktop without screen, at plant).
Eventual disposal of the computer removed as it is included in the end-of-life modelling.
Containment / Weight / The containment (cold aisle containment) is assumed to provide doors at either end of an aisle, a roof over the racks (assumed to cover the 1.2m space between facing racks and the depth of two racks (2 x 1m) and a third of the height of the racks (0.33m).
It was estimated that the containment would therefore be a percentage of the weight of the racks.
Assuming the containment is made of steel plate, a third of the rack weight was taken.
Total electricity used by data centers worldwide (2000, 2005, and 2010) (Koomey, 2011, Table 2)
IDC adj.Upper Bound / Lower Bound
Equipment / Units / 2000 / 2005 / 2000-2005 growth / No growth
2010 (Case A) / 2010 (Case B)
Volume servers / BkWh / 19.7 / 50.5 / 81.5 / 67.2
Mid-range servers / BkWh / 6.7 / 6.7 / 7.3 / 5.1 / Component / Case A / Case B
High-end servers / BkWh / 2.8 / 4.2 / 13 / 7.8 / % Servers: / 71.9 / 71.8
Storage / BkWh / 2.8 / 7.5 / 24.2 / 19.1 / % Storage: / 17.1 / 17.1
Communications / BkWh / 3.4 / 7.3 / 15.6 / 12.3 / % Networking: / 11.0 / 11.0
APPENDIX 5Assumptions – Mechanical Infrastructure
Assumed costs for themechanicalinfrastructure inventory
Component: / Battery Cooling / Chilled Water System / Condenser Water System / Free CoolingCost: / £58,685 / 1801155.4 / £696,017 / £20,012,000
Year of cost: / 2011 / 2008 / 2011 / 2009
Average exchange rate: / 1.604 / 1.856 / 1.604 / 1.565
USD (year of cost): / $94,143 / $3,342,089 / $1,116,551 / $31,317,279
Economic Index: / 0.800 / 0.836 / 0.800 / 0.839
2002 USD: / $75,293 / $2,792,538 / $892,987 / $26,261,104
Replacement every (years): / 20 / 20 / 20 / 20
Number of refreshes: / 3 / 3 / 3 / 3
Total cost over 60 years, 2002 USD: / $225,879 / $8,377,613 / $2,678,960 / $78,783,313
Cost per kW of IT per year ($/kW/year): / 0.292 / 10.827963 / 3.46 / 102
90% for producer price ($/kW/year): / 0.263 / 9.75 / 3.12 / 91.6
System self-weight (kg): / 1,980 / 220,499 / 24,082 / 1,249,707
Number of refreshes: / 3 / 3 / 3 / 3
Weight per kW of IT per year (kg/kW/year): / 0.00768 / 0.855 / 0.0934 / 4.85
Assumed costs for themechanicalinfrastructure inventory