Appendix 1. Two-way ANOVAs for flow and habitat effect on plant biomass per area for three Everglades plant species. Significant effects at p < 0.05 are in bold type.
Species / Treatment / Live biomass / Dead biomass / Root biomass / Total biomassdf / F / p / F / p / F / p / F / p / F / p / F / p
Leaves / Stems / Leaves / Stems / Roots
Cladium / Flow / 1 / 8.72 / 0.012 / 2.89 / 0.115 / 3.93 / 0.071 / 1.60 / 0.230 / 9.66 / 0.009 / 7.03 / 0.021
jamaicense / Habitat / 2 / 17.39 / 0.001 / 6.61 / 0.012 / 8.43 / 0.005 / 1.37 / 0.292 / 16.02 / 0.001 / 13.17 / 0.001
Flow x Habitat / 2 / 0.15 / 0.866 / 0.83 / 0.461 / 0.58 / 0.577 / 0.60 / 0.564 / 0.24 / 0.791 / 0.38 / 0.694
Photo. Stems / Hor. Stems / Photo. Stems / Hor. Stems / Roots
Eleocharis / Flow / 1 / 11.76 / 0.005 / 13.30 / 0.004 / 2.90 / 0.114 / 16.31 / 0.002 / 7.24 / 0.020 / 6.80 / 0.023
cellulosa / Habitat / 2 / 6.06 / 0.015 / 0.11 / 0.894 / 3.83 / 0.052 / 0.17 / 0.849 / 11.37 / 0.002 / 4.25 / 0.040
Flow x Habitat / 2 / 1.57 / 0.248 / 5.50 / 0.024 / 0.93 / 0.423 / 1.72 / 0.220 / 0.81 / 0.469 / 1.10 / 0.366
Leaves / Stems / Leaves / Stems / Roots
Nymphaea / Flow / 1 / 1.91 / 0.239 / 1.70 / 0.240 / 0.33 / 0.591 / 5.99 / 0.092 / 0.05 / 0.830 / 0.01 / 0.909
odorata / Habitat / 2 / 0.19 / 0.833 / 0.71 / 0.528 / 0.25 / 0.791 / 0.43 / 0.557 / 1.08 / 0.420 / 0.37 / 0.703
Flow x Habitat / 1 / 1.72 / 0.260 / 0.79 / 0.495 / 0.52 / 0.504 / - / - / 2.48 / 0.200 / 0.59 / 0.579
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Appendix 2.Nutrient concentrations and nutrient molar ratios for Cladiumjamaicense plant parts. Data (mean ± 1SD) are from the no-flow (FM) and flowing (FM) macrocosms combined in the deep slough (DS), shallow slough (SS), and the mid-ridge (MR). Within a habitat in each column, values followed by different superscripts are significantly different among plant parts at p < 0.05.
Habitat / Plant Part / n / TC (mg g-1) / TN (mg g-1) / TP (mg g-1) / C/N / C/P / N/PDS / Live leaves / 5-6 / 425 ± 21 a,b / 4.1 ± 1.7 a,b / 0.26 ± 0.11 a / 147 ± 86 a,b / 3633 ± 947 a / 36 ± 7 a
Dead leaves / 4-6 / 448 ± 21 ab / 2.4 ± 0.4 a / 0.07 ± 0.01 b / 216 ± 38 a / 16101 ± 3261 b / 74 ± 17 b
Live stems / 6 / 409 ± 28 a / 5.3 ± 1.2 b / 0.31 ± 0.08 a / 94 ± 27 b / 3558 ± 965 a / 39 ± 8 a,c
Dead stems / 5-6 / 459 ± 43 b / 4.1 ± 1.0 a,b / 0.19 ± 0.09 a / 140 ± 37 a,b / 7298 ± 2952 c / 47 ± 15 a,c
Roots / 6 / 443 ± 13 a,b / 5.8 ± 2.0 b / 0.21 ± 0.04 a / 98 ± 36 b / 5664 ± 1163 a,c / 62 ± 17 b,c
SS / Live leaves / 6 / 442 ± 12 a,b / 6.5 ± 1.8 a / 0.40 ± 0.07 a / 84 ± 24 a / 2928 ± 581 a / 37 ± 9 a
Dead leaves / 5-6 / 466 ± 21 a / 3.6 ± 0.7 b / 0.12 ± 0.03 b / 154 ± 27 b / 10919 ± 2684 b / 67 ± 14 b
Live stems / 5 / 424 ± 13 b / 4.3 ± 1.9 a,b / 0.21 ± 0.15 b / 141 ± 87 a,b / 7010 ± 3770 b / 56 ± 26 a,b
Dead stems / 6 / 443 ± 23 a,b / 4.5 ± 1.3 a,b / 0.14 ± 0.02 b / 121 ± 32 a,b / 8727± 1974 b / 74 ± 15 b
Roots / 6 / 454 ± 25 a,b / 5.4 ± 0.8 a,b / 0.19 ± 0.04 b / 99 ± 14 a,b / 6577 ± 1560 b / 66 ± 13 b
MR / Live leaves / 5-6 / 438 ± 24 / 5.8 ± 1.1 a / 0.36 ± 0.10 a / 90 ± 18 a / 3316 ± 815 a / 37 ± 6
Dead leaves / 6 / 450 ± 11 / 3.2 ± 1.3 b / 0.13 ± 0.04 b / 191 ± 87 b / 9977 ± 3446 b / 56 ± 17
Live stems / 6 / 439 ± 15 / 4.4 ± 1.7 a,b / 0.28 ± 0.20 a,c / 136 ± 66 b / 5086 ± 2073 a,c / 41 ± 20
Dead stems / 5-6 / 435 ± 23 / 3.4 ± 1.7 b / 0.16 ± 0.04 b,c / 185 ± 90 b / 7713 ± 2141 b,c / 49 ± 22
Roots / 6 / 449 ± 17 / 5.1 ± 0.9 a,b / 0.23 ± 0.03 a,c / 110 ± 17 b / 5393 ± 829 a,c / 50 ± 11
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Appendix 3.Nutrient concentrations and nutrient molar ratios forEleochariscellulosa plant parts. Data (mean ± 1SD) are from the no-flow (FM) and flowing (FM) macrocosms combinedin the deep slough (DS), shallow slough (SS), and mid-ridge (MR). Abbreviations: photo. stems = photosynthetic stems; hor. stems =horizontal stems. Within a habitat in each column, values followed by different superscripts are significantly different among plant parts at p < 0.05.
Habitat / Plant Part / n / TC (mg g-1) / TN (mg g-1) / TP (mg g-1) / C/N / C/P / N/PDS / Live photo. stems / 5-6 / 408 ± 26 a / 7.6 ± 1.6 a / 0.40 ± 0.04 a / 64 ± 11 a / 2398 ± 821 a / 38 ± 17
Dead photo. stems / 6 / 427 ± 17 a,b / 3.3 ± 1.1 b / 0.12 ± 0.05 b / 167 ± 66 b / 11141 ± 5633 b / 69 ± 29 b
Live hor. stems / 4-5 / 445 ± 11 b / 3.6 ± 2.0 b / 0.26 ± 0.15 a,c / 154 ± 112 a,b / 5565 ± 2587 a,c / 29 ± 2 a
Dead hor. stems / 3-4 / 436 ± 13 a,b / 4.5 ± 0.4 b / 0.11 ± 0.02 b / 116 ± 12 a,b / 10242 ± 1531 b,c / 86 ± 22 b
Roots / 5-6 / 423 ± 20 a,b / 5.5 ± 0.9 a,b / 0.19 ± 0.05 b,c / 93 ± 18 a,b / 5079 ± 1105 b,c / 64 ± 13 b
SS / Live photo. stems / 6 / 411 ± 23 / 6.5 ± 0.8 a / 0.35 ± 0.06 a / 75 ± 7 / 3138 ± 744 a / 42 ± 9
Dead photo. stems / 6 / 427 ± 9 / 4.7 ± 0.9 a,b / 0.12 ± 0.03 b / 110 ± 28 / 10119 ± 3682 b / 91 ± 10
Live hor. stems / 6 / 433 ± 15 / 3.9 ± 1.1 b / 0.16 ± 0.05 b / 140 ± 41 / 7656 ± 2322 b / 60 ± 32
Dead hor. stems / 4-6 / 421 ± 40 / 6.0 ± 5.1 a,b / 0.15 ± 0.03 b / 118 ± 67 / 7384 ± 1500 b / 88 ± 27
Roots / 5-6 / 405 ± 25 / 6.2 ± 2.1 a,b / 0.16 ± 0.06 b / 136 ± 66 / 6067 ± 3674 b / 71 ± 41
MR / Live photo. stems / 6 / 439 ± 28 / 5.5 ± 1.3 a / 0.45 ± 0.10 a / 100 ± 31 a,b / 2684 ± 790 a / 27 ± 5 a,b
Dead photo. stems / 4-5 / 427 ± 14 / 3.3 ± 1.1 b,c / 0.20 ± 0.09 b / 157 ± 50 a,c / 6194 ± 2271 b / 45 ± 26 a,b
Live hor. stems / 6 / 426 ± 21 / 2.2 ± 0.8 c / 0.20 ± 0.10 b / 257 ± 89 c / 6971 ± 3789 b / 26 ± 7 b
Dead hor. stems / 6 / 448 ± 18 / 4.1 ± 1.1 a,b / 0.19 ± 0.08 b / 134 ± 38 a,b / 6940 ± 2371 b / 51 ± 11 a
Roots / 6 / 428 ± 15 / 5.6 ± 0.6 a / 0.31 ± 0.11 a,b / 90 ± 10 b / 4015 ± 1475 a,b / 45 ± 18 a,b
Appendix 4.Nutrient concentrations and nutrient molar ratios for Nymphaea odorata plant parts. Data (mean ± 1SD) are from the no-flow (FM) and flowing (FM) macrocosms combined in the deep slough (DS), shallow slough (SS), and the mid-ridge (MR). In each column and within a habitat, values followed by different superscripts are significantly different among plant parts at p < 0.05.
Habitat / Plant Part / n / TC (mg g-1) / TN (mg g-1) / TP (mg g-1) / C/N / C/P / N/PDS / Live leaves / 1 / 419 / 10.3 a,b / 0.59 a / 48 a,b / 1835 a / 39 a,b
Dead leaves / 2 / 410 ± 45 / 11.2 ± 1.9 a / 0.19 ± 0.06 b / 43 ± 3 a / 5876 ± 1212 b / 137 ± 21 c
Live rhizomes / 3 / 384 ± 30 / 2.8 ± 1.0 c / 0.25 ± 0.08 b / 174 ± 53 b / 4089 ± 929 b / 24 ± 5 a
Dead rhizomes / 2 / 398 ± 2 / 2.9 ± 2.2 c / 0.09 ± 0.01 c / 228 ± 172 b / 12064 ± 1872 c / 70 ± 44 b,c
Roots / 4 / 434 ± 18 / 5.5 ± 2.5 b,c / 0.26 ± 0.09 b / 113 ± 64 a,b / 4559 ± 1226 b / 45 ± 12 a,b
SS / Live leaves / 1 / 426 / 17.1a / 1.00 a / 29 a / 1209 a / 42 a,b
Dead leaves / 4 / 417 ± 2 / 12.2 ± 2.4 b / 0.07 ± 0.12 b / 42 ± 8 a / 5819 ± 934 b / 144 ± 37 a
Live rhizomes / 6 / 405 ± 9 / 4.4 ± 1.6 c,d / 0.27 ± 0.44 a,b / 107 ± 30 b / 4392 ± 2599 a,b / 42 ± 30 b
Dead rhizomes / 4-5 / 440 ± 34 / 1.7 ± 1.3 c / 0.03 ± 0.07 c / 297 ± 127 c / 15195 ± 5195 c / 52 ± 3 b,c
Roots / 5 / 430 ± 20 / 6.6 ± 1.8 d / 0.05 ± 0.09 b / 76 ± 18 b / 5209 ± 121 b / 68 ± 6 a,c
MR / Live leaves‡ / 2 / - / - / - / - / - / -
Dead leaves / 2 / 441 ± 7 a / 13.3 ± 3.7 / 0.20 ± 0.05 a / 40 ± 11 / 5958 ± 1485 a / 148 ± 3 a
Live stems / 1-3 / 341 ± 17 b / 7.6 ± 1.2 / 0.91 b / 53 ± 9 / 754 ± 205 b / 14 ± 2 b
Dead stems‡ / 1 / - / - / - / - / - / -
Roots / 2 / 442 ± 18 a / 7.8 ± 0.2 / 0.54 ± 0.16 a,b / 66 ± 4 / 221 ± 737 a / 33 ± 9 c
‡ insufficient material for nutrient analysis (see footnote in Table 1)
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Appendix 5.Three-way ANOVAs for flow, habitat and plant part effect on nutrient concentrations and nutrient molar ratios for three Everglades plant species. Significant effects at p < 0.05 are in bold type.
Species / Treatment / TC / TN / TP / C/N / C/P / N/Pdf / F / p / F / p / F / p / F / p / F / p / F / p
Cladium / Flow / 1 / 0.074 / 0.787 / 7.374 / 0.009 / 0.580 / 0.449 / 8.412 / 0.005 / 0.610 / 0.438 / 7.956 / 0.006
jamaicense / Habitat / 2 / 1.758 / 0.181 / 2.036 / 0.139 / 1.485 / 0.234 / 1.734 / 0.186 / 1.367 / 0.262 / 7.627 / 0.001
Plant part (PP) / 4 / 6.780 / 0.001 / 10.358 / 0.001 / 31.048 / 0.001 / 13.574 / 0.001 / 33.665 / <0.001 / 12.500 / 0.001
Flow x Habitat / 2 / 0.731 / 0.486 / 0.587 / 0.559 / 0.943 / 0.395 / 2.113 / 0.130 / 0.844 / 0.435 / 5.769 / 0.005
Flow x PP / 4 / 5.706 / 0.001 / 1.119 / 0.356 / 1.195 / 0.322 / 1.556 / 0.198 / 1.206 / 0.317 / 4.450 / 0.003
Habitat x PP / 8 / 1.807 / 0.092 / 1.935 / 0.071 / 2.962 / 0.007 / 1.450 / 0.196 / 2.833 / 0.009 / 1.617 / 0.139
Flow x Habitat x PP / 8 / 1.059 / 0.403 / 1.551 / 0.159 / 0.470 / 0.873 / 1.548 / 0.161 / 0.496 / 0.855 / 0.750 / 0.648
Eleocharis / Flow / 1 / 0.752 / 0.390 / 0.121 / 0.729 / 4.376 / 0.041 / 0.105 / 0.748 / 3.573 / 0.064 / 0.709 / 0.403
cellulosa / Habitat / 2 / 2.611 / 0.083 / 4.420 / 0.017 / 8.880 / 0.000 / 4.017 / 0.024 / 6.586 / 0.003 / 9.658 / 0.000
Plant part (PP) / 4 / 4.311 / 0.004 / 24.509 / 0.001 / 32.950 / 0.000 / 8.222 / 0.000 / 30.048 / 0.001 / 6.677 / 0.001
Flow x Habitat / 2 / 7.716 / 0.001 / 4.086 / 0.022 / 4.760 / 0.012 / 1.334 / 0.272 / 4.663 / 0.014 / 3.277 / 0.045
Flow x PP / 4 / 1.045 / 0.393 / 1.257 / 0.299 / 2.266 / 0.074 / 0.347 / 0.845 / 1.875 / 0.129 / 1.304 / 0.280
Habitat x PP / 8 / 1.823 / 0.093 / 2.063 / 0.056 / 2.398 / 0.027 / 1.110 / 0.371 / 2.190 / 0.043 / 0.499 / 0.852
Flow x Habitat x PP / 8 / 0.719 / 0.674 / 1.899 / 0.079 / 1.344 / 0.242 / 0.331 / 0.950 / 1.133 / 0.357 / 1.003 / 0.444
Nymphaea / Flow / 1 / 0.176 / 0.680 / 0.002 / 0.961 / 1.538 / 0.232 / 0.017 / 0.897 / 1.022 / 0.326 / 1.108 / 0.307
odorata / Habitat / 2 / 0.319 / 0.731 / 1.989 / 0.167 / 6.983 / 0.006 / 4.805 / 0.022 / 11.763 / 0.001 / 3.632 / 0.049
Plant part (PP) / 4 / 6.744 / 0.002 / 10.867 / 0.001 / 11.861 / 0.001 / 16.115 / 0.000 / 14.868 / 0.001 / 17.851 / 0.001
Flow x Habitat / 2 / 0.474 / 0.630 / 0.824 / 0.455 / 0.965 / 0.401 / 0.879 / 0.433 / 0.476 / 0.629 / 0.351 / 0.709
Flow x PP / 3 / 0.429 / 0.735 / 1.111 / 0.372 / 1.024 / 0.407 / 2.427 / 0.101 / 0.612 / 0.616 / 0.332 / 0.802
Habitat x PP / 6 / 0.904 / 0.515 / 2.363 / 0.076 / 0.916 / 0.507 / 1.779 / 0.164 / 1.827 / 0.150 / 1.121 / 0.391
Flow x Habitat x PP / 3 / 2.247 / 0.120 / 0.551 / 0.655 / 2.329 / 0.128 / 0.408 / 0.749 / 1.706 / 0.202 / 1.786 / 0.188
Appendix 6. Summary of nutrient data reported for Cladiumjamaicense, Eleochariscellulosa and Nymphaea odorata.
Species / Plant part / Site / ReferenceC. jamicense / Total P content of leaves, rhizomes and roots / Various / Miao and Sklar, 1998; Miao and DeBusk, 1999; Richardson et al., 1999; Chiang et al., 2000; Lissner et al., 2003
Total P content of leaves / reference or unenriched field sites or in low P in experimental conditions / Steward and Ornes, 1975; Volk et al., 1975; Toth, 1987; Miao and Sklar, 1998; Miao and DeBusk, 1999; Richardson et al., 1999; Chiang et al., 2000; Lissner et al., 2003; Miao, 2004; Smith et al., 2009, Miao and Zhou, 2012
Total P for dead leaves / Volk et al., 1975; Toth, 1987; Richardson et al., 1999; Miao, 2004
rhizomes and roots / Miao and Sklar, 1998; Miao and DeBusk, 1999; Lissner et al., 2003; Miao, 2004; Smith et al., 2009; Miao and Zhou, 2012
E. cellulosa / photosynthetic stems / Craft et al., 1995; Vaithiyanathan and Richardson, 1998; Chiang et al., 2000; Noe et al., 2002
roots and rhizomes / Chen et al., 2005; Miao and Zhou, 2012
N. odorata / leaves / LILA / Serna et al., 2013
leaves / WCA 3A / Troxler and Richards, 2009
leaves / unenriched sites in WCA 2A / Vaithiyanathan and Richardson, 1998; Newman et al., 2004; Hagerthey et al., 2008
Total P in shoot / Everglades National Park / Noe et al., 2002
Phosphorus in leaves, stems and roots / Plants grown in pots of native soil in mesocosms / Miao and Zhou, 2012
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Appendix 7.References in Appendices that were not cited in the Literature Cited.
Chen, H., I.A. Mendelssohn, B. Lorenzen, H. Brix, and S. Miao. 2005. Growth and nutrient responses of Eloecharis cellulosa (Cyperaceae) to phosphate level and redox intensity. American Journal of Botany 92:1457-1466.
Chiang, C., C.B. Craft, D W. Rogers, and C J. Richardson. 2000. Effects of 4 years of nitrogen and phosphorus additions on Everglades plant communities. Aquatic Botany 68:61-78.
Craft, C.B., J. Vymazal, and C.J. Richardson. 1995. Response of Everglades plant communities to nitrogen and phosphorus additions. Wetlands 15:258-271.
Lissner, J., I.A. Mendelssohn, B. Lorenzen, H. Brix, K.L. McKee, and S.L. Miao. 2003. Interactive effects of redox intensity and phosphate availability on growth and nutrient relations of Cladiumjamaicense (Cyperaceae). American Journal of Botany 90:736-748.
Miao, S. 2004. Rhizome growth and nutrient resorption: mechanisms underlying the replacement of two clonal species in Florida Everglades. Aquatic Botany 78:55-66.
Miao, S.L., and W.F. DeBusk. 1999. Effects of phosphorus enrichment on structure and function of sawgrass and cattail communities in the Everglades. p. 275-299. In K.R. Reddy, G.A. O'Connor, and C.L. Schelske, (ed.). Phosphorus biogeochemistry in subtropical ecosystems. Lewis Publ., CRC Press LLC, Boca Raton, FL.
Miao, S.L., and F.H. Sklar. 1998. Biomass and nutrient allocation of sawgrass and cattail along a nutrient gradient in the Florida Everglades. Wetlands Ecology and Management 5:245-263.
Smith, S.M., J.A. Leeds, P.V. McCormick, P.B. Garrett, and M. Darwish. 2009. Sawgrass (Cladium jamaicense) responses as earlyindicators of low-level phosphorus enrichment in the Florida Everglades. Wetlands Ecology and Management 17:291-302.
Steward, K.K., and W.H. Ornes. 1975. The autecology of sawgrass in the Florida Everglades. Ecology 56:162-171.
Toth, L.A. 1987. Effects of hydrologic regimes on lifetime production and nutrient dynamics of sawgrass. South Florida Water Management District, West Palm Beach, FL.
Troxler, T.G., and J.H. Richards. 2009. δ13C, δ15N, carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus as indicators of plant ecophysiology and organic matter pathways in Everglades deep slough, Florida, USA. Aquatic Botany 91:157-165.
Vaithiyanathan, P. and C.J. Richardson. 1998. Biogeochemical characteristics of the Everglades sloughs. Journal of Environmental Quality 27:1439-1450.
Volk, B.G., S.D. Schemnitz, J.F. Gamble, and J.B. Sartain. 1975. Baseline data on Everglades soil-plant systems: Elemental composition, biomass, and soil depth. p. 658-672 in F.G. Howell, J.B. Gentry, and M.H. Smith (ed.) Mineral cycling in Southeastern ecosystems. National Technical Information Service, Office of Public Affairs, U.S. Energy Research and Development Administration, Springfield, VA.
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