Appendix 1: Sources of Data (Divided by Category of Land-Use Change)

Appendix 1: Sources of data, by category of land-use change

Publication / Observations / Location / Land-use change / Former land use/cover / Plantation direct cause of land-use change? / Plantation species / Native or Exotic / Plantation age / Percent change in species richness (range)
Alrababah et al. 2007 / 2 / Jordan / Grassland to plantation / Protected semi-arid natural Mediterranean grasslands / Direct / Pinushalepensis / Exotic / Mature (>25 years) / -84, -28
Buscardo et al. 2008 / 2 / Ireland / Grassland to plantation (1); degraded or exotic pasture to plantation (1) / Unimproved semi-natural grassland; improved semi-natural grassland / Direct / Pinussitchensis, Larixkaempferi / Exotic / Young (<6 years) / -38, -21
Chirino et al. 2006 / 2 / Spain / Grassland to plantation (1); shrubland to plantation (1) / Native grassland; native shrubland / Direct / Pinushalepensis / Exotic / Mature (>25 years) / -48, -23
Cremene et al. 2005 / 2 / Romania / Grassland to plantation (1); shrubland to plantation (1); secondary forest to plantation (1) / Semi-natural steppe-like abandoned grassland; shrubland; secondary forest (50-100 years old) / Direct / Pinusnigra / Exotic / Mid-aged (6-25 years) / -14, -46
Igboanugo et al. 1990 / 3 / Nigeria / Grassland to plantation / Savanna / Direct / Eucalyptus camaldulensis, Eucalyptus citriodora / Exotic / Mid-aged (6-25 years) / -37, -3
Maccherini and De Dominicis 2003 / 2 / Italy / Grassland to plantation / Xeric semi-natural grassland / Direct / Cedrusdeodara, Cedrusatlantica / Exotic / Mid aged (6-25 years) / -34, -20
O’Connor 2005 / 1 / South Africa / Grassland to plantation / Grazed and protected grassland / Direct / Pinus sp. / Exotic / Not available / -48
Andres and Ojeda 2002 / 1 / Straight of Gilbrater / Shrubland to plantation / Heathland associated with cultural landscapes / Direct / Pinuspinaster / Exotic / Mid-aged (6-25 years) / -27
Chiarucci and Dominicis 1995 / 2 / Italy / Shrubland to plantation / Ultramafic plant community / Direct / Pinuspinaster / Exotic / Young (<6 years) / 4, 40
Eckroyd and Brockerhoff 2005 / 6 / New Zealand / Shrubland to plantation (3); degraded or exotic pasture to plantation (3) / Remnant kanukashrubland (3); exotic pasture (3) / Direct / Pinusradiata / Exotic / Young (<6 years); Mid-aged (6-25 years); Mature (>25 years) / -63, 52
Lantschner et al. 2008 / 2 / Chile / Shrubland to plantation / Matorral / Direct / Pinus ponderosa / Exotic / Mid-aged (6-25 years) / -59, -16
Richardson and Van Wilgen 1996 / 1 / South Africa / Shrubland to plantation / Fynbos / Direct / Pinusradiata / Exotic / Mature (>25 years) / -75
Brunet 2007 / 6 / Sweden / Primary forest to plantation / Ancient woodland / Direct (1); Indirect (5) – plantations established on previously deforested land and used for pasture or agriculture / Quercusrobur / Native / Mature (>25 years) (5), Mid-aged (6-25 years) (1) / -93, 3
Cavelier and Tobler 1998 / 2 / Colombia / Primary forest to plantation / Tropical rainforest / Indirect – plantations established on previously deforested land used for pasture / Pinuspatula, Cupressuslusitanica / Exotic / Mid-aged (6-25 years) / -64, -58
Fahy and Gormally 1998 / 1 / Ireland / Primary forest to plantation / Semi-natural ancient woodland / Direct / Piceasitchensis / Exotic / Mature (>25 years) / -68
Goldman et al. 2008 / 2 / Hawaii / Primary forest to plantation (1); degraded or exotic pasture to plantation (1) / Acacia koaforest; exotic pasture; exotic pasture with some native woody species / Indirect – plantations established on previously deforested land used for pasture / Acacia koa / Native / NA / -1, -35
Gomez-Aparicio et al. 2009 / 1 / Spain / Primary forest to plantation / Native oak and deciduous forest / Indirect – plantations established on degraded lands / Pinushalepensis, Pinuspinaster, P. nigra, P. sylvestris / Native / Mature (>25 years) / -61
Hobbs et al. 2003 / 2 / Western Australia / Primary forest to plantation (1); degraded or exotic pasture to plantation (1) / Remnant native forest (1); pasture (1) / Indirect (1)– plantation established on previously deforested land used for pasture; Direct (1) / Eucalyptus globulus / Native / Young (<6 years) / -83, -31
Lantschner et al. 2008 / 2 / Chile / Primary forest to plantation / Nothofagusprimary forest / Direct / Pinus ponderosa / Exotic / Mid-aged (6-25 years) / -63, -30
Lemenih and Teketay 2005 / 4 / Ethiopia / Primary forest to plantation / Tropical dry afromontane forest / Indirect (2) – plantations established on previously deforested land used for agriculture; direct (2) / Cupressuslusitanica, Eucalyptus saligna / Exotic / Mid-aged (6-25 years) / -25, 8
Malan et al. 2006 / 1 / South Africa / Primary forest to plantation / Open woodland / Direct / Pinus sp. / Exotic / NA / -61
Marcos et al. 2007 / 4 / Leon, NW Spain / Primary forest to plantation / Previously deforested. No information beyond that on previous land use / Indirect / Pinussylvestris / Native / Young (<6 years), Mid-aged (6-25 years), Mature (>25 years) / -7.00, 38.00
Munro et al. 2009 / 1 / Australia / Primary forest to plantation / Native forest remnants – gradient of pristine to grazed and formerly logged / Indirect – plantations established on previously deforested land used for agriculture / Eucalyptus sp. / Native / Variable – average age mid-aged (6-25 years) / -38
Paritsis and Aizen 2007 / 1 / Northwestern Patagonia / Primary forest to plantation / Primary Nothofagusforest / Direct / Psuedotsugamenziesii, Pinusradiata, and Pinussylvestris / Exotic / Mature (>25 years) / -51
Proenca et al. 2010 / 2 / Portugal / Primary forest to plantation / Oak forest / Indirect – established on previously deforested land used for agriculture / Pinuspinaster, Eucalyptus globulus / Native, exotic / Not available (only information given is that plantations are closed canopies / -44, -52
Aubin et al. 2008 / 6 / Canada / Secondary forest to plantation / Secondary forest previously used for agriculture / Direct - compares naturally regenerating directly to planted lands with same land use history / Quercusrubra; Quercusmacrocarpa; Fraxinus americana; Betulaalleghaniensis;Prunusserotina; Acersaccharum; Juglanscineria; Juglansnigra / Native / Mature (>25 years), Mid-aged (6-25 years) / -50 -11
Battles et al. 2001 / 6 / California / Secondary forest to plantation / Secondary conifer forest / Direct -Compares naturally regenerating to plantation, but secondary forest is older / Abiesconcolor; Pseudotsugomenziesiivar. menziesii; Pinuslambertiana; Pinus ponderosa; Calocedrusdecurrens; Quercuskelloggii / Native / Mid-aged (6-25 years) / 24, 67
Duan et al. 2009 / 2 / China / Secondary forest to plantation / Similar aged secondary forest / Direct – compares naturally regenerating forest to plantations with similar land-use history / Pinustabulaeformis / Native / Mature (>25 years) / -12, 13
Duran and Kattan 2005 / 1 / Colombian Andes / Secondary forest to plantation / Secondary forest previously used for pasture / Direct - compares naturally regenerating forest to plantation with same land-use history / Fraxinuschinensis / Exotic / Mature (>25 years) / -39
Ito et al. 2004 / 2 / Japan / Secondary forest to plantation / Secondary forest previously used for agriculture or hay production / Direct – compares naturally regenerating forest to plantations with similar land use histories. / Cryptomeria japonica / Native / Mature (>25 years) / 5, 35
Lugo 1992 / 4 / Puerto Rico / Secondary forest to plantation / Secondary forest / Direct - Compares naturally regenerating forest to plantations of similar age with same previous land-use histories / Pinuscaribaeavar. hondurensis, Swieteniamacrophylla, Swieteniamahagoni / Exotic / Young (<6 years), Mid-aged (6-25 years) / -56, -26
Nagaike 2002 / 1 / Japan / Secondary forest to plantation / Abandoned coppice naturally regenerating / Direct – compares plantations (also primarily used for coppicing) to secondary forest with similar land-use history / Larixkaempferi / Native / Mature (>25 years) / -35
Nagaike et al. 2006 / 29 / Japan / Secondary forest to plantation / Secondary forests (50 years old / Direct -compares naturally regenerating forests to plantations / Larixkaempferi / Native / Mature (>25 years), Mid-aged (6-25 years), Young <6 years) / -69, 163
Quine and Humphrey 2010 / 2 / Britian / Secondary forest to plantation / Native pine forest (8-250 years old); native oak forest (20-80 years old) / Direct – compares naturally regenerating forest to plantations with similar land-use history / Pinussylvestris, Piceaabies / Exotic / Mature (>25 years) / -11,1
El-Keblawy and Ksiksi 2005 / 8 / United Arab Emirates / Degraded or exotic pasture to plantation / Degraded desert lands, over grazed. / Direct / Prosopis cineraria, Prosopisjulifloria Acacia arabica, Eucalyptussp. / Native, exotic / Not available, only information given is that plantations trees are medium to large / -51, 186
Freemark et al. 2002 / 1 / Canada / Degraded or exotic pasture to plantation / Pasture / Direct / Conifer sp. / Exotic / Not available / -61
Powers et al.1997 / 7 / Costa Rica / Degraded or exotic pasture to plantation / Pasture (small control area) / Direct / Hyeronimaalchorneoides, IgnaedulisPentaclethramacrolobaPinustecunumanii, Virola koschnyi, Vochysiaguatemalensis, Vochysiaferruginea / Native, Exotic / Mid-aged (7-25 years) / -18,24