1
Appendix 1. List of zoonotic pathogens of wildlife origin, which emerged in human populations between the years 1940-2004 as defined by Jones et al. 2008; Hosttype– host in which pathogen was detected at the time of emergence (0 = detection in humans only; 1 = detection in non-human hosts prior to or concurrent with emergence in humans); Detectability – morbidity or mortality detection in infected non-human hosts (N/U = infection is asymptomatic or there is insufficient information to support pathogenicity in non-human host; Y = infection causes morbidity and/or mortality in non-human hosts); Species –species of non-human hosts in which pathogens have been reported to produce signs of morbidity/mortality.
Zoonotic Pathogen / Host type / Detectability / Species / ReferenceAndes virus / 0 / Y / Laboratory animals (syrian hamsters, (Mesocricetus auratus) / 1
Angiostrongylus cantonensis / 0 / N/U / None found
Anisakis simplex / 0 / Y / Marine mammals (harbour porpoises, Phocoena phocoena; minks / 2,3
Australian bat lyssavirus / 0 / Y / Flying foxes (Pteropus alecto), bats, pigs / 4,5,6
Babesia microti / 0 / Y / Domestic animals / 7
Babesia microti-like / 0 / Y / Domestic animals (dogs) / 8
Babesia microti-like WA1-type / 0 / N/U / 9
Bacillus anthracis / 1 / Y / Domestic animals (sheep), wild ungulates, hippopotamus / 10, 11,12
Balamuthia mandrillaris / 0 / Y / Non-human primates (captive) / 13
Barmah forest virus / 0 / N/U / 14
Bartonella elizabethae / 0 / N/U / 15
Borellia burgdorferi / 0 / Y / Domestic animals (dogs, cats) / 16
Brucella melitensis / 0 / Y / Domestic animals (goats), wild ungulates / 17, 18
Burkholderia pseudomallei / 0 / Y / Non-human primates / 19
Californian encephalitis / 0 / Y / Snowshoe hare, laboratory animals / 20, 21
Campylobacter fetus / 0 / Y / Domestic animals (livestock) / 22
Campylobacter jejuni / 0 / Y / Domestic animals (dogs, cats) / 23,24
Campylobacter jejuni fluoroquinolone-res / 0 / N/U / 25,26
Chikungunya / 0 / N/U / 27
Clostridium botulinum / 0 / Y / Fish / 28
Coccidioides immitis / 0 / Y / Marine mammals, wild felines & ungulates / 29,30,31
Coxiella burnetii / 0 / Y / Domestic animals / 32
Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic fever / 0 / N/U / 33,34
Cryptococcus neoformans / 0 / Y / Captive wild birds; koalas (Phascolarctos cinereus) / 35,36
Dengue / 0 / N/U / None found
Ebola (Sudan) / 0 / Y / 37,38
Echinococcus granulosus / 0 / N/U / 39, 40
Ehrlichia chaffeensis / 0 / Y / Domestic animals (dogs, cats) / 41
Ehrlichia equi / 0 / Y / Domestic animals (dogs, cats); horses / 41, 42
Ehrlichia ewingii / 0 / Y / Domestic animals (dogs, cats) / 41
Ehrlichia phagocytophila / 0 / Y / Livestock (goats, sheep, cattle) / 43
Encephalitozoon cuniculi / 0 / Y / Lagomorphs (rabbits) / 44
Encephalitozoon hellem / 0 / Y / Wild birds / 45
Escherichia coli non-O157:H7 / 0 / N/U / *Mostly isolated from healthy cattle / 46
Escherichia coli O103:H2 / 0 / N/U / *Mostly isolated from healthy cattle / 47
Escherichia coli O104:H2 / 0 / N/U / None found
Escherichia coli O104:H21 / 0 / N/U / None found
Escherichia coli 0111:H- / 0 / N/U / *Mostly isolated from healthy cattle / 47
Escherichia coli 0111:H_ / 0 / N/U / *Mostly isolated from healthy cattle / 47
Escherichia coli O111:H2 / 0 / N/U / *Mostly isolated from healthy cattle / 47
Escherichia coli O111:H8 / 0 / N/U / *Mostly isolated from healthy cattle / 47
Escherichia coli O118:H12 / 0 / N/U / *Not isolated in cattle / 47
Escherichia coli O118:H16 / 0 / N/U / *Mostly isolated from healthy cattle / 47
Escherichia coli O118:H2 / 0 / N/U / *Not isolated in cattle / 47
Escherichia coli O118:H30 / 0 / N/U / *Not isolated in cattle / 47
Escherichia coli O145:H- / 0 / N/U / *Mostly isolated from healthy cattle / 47
Escherichia coli O145:H5 / 0 / N/U / *Mostly isolated from healthy cattle / 48
Escherichia coli O153:H25 / 0 / N/U / *Isolated in healthy cattle only / 47
Escherichia coli O157:H7 / 0 / N/U / 49,50
Escherichia coli O163:H19 / 0 / N/U / *Isolated in healthy cattle / 51
Escherichia coli O26:H- (nonmotile) / 0 / N/U / *Diarrhoeic calves / 48
Escherichia coli O26:H11 / 0 / Y / *Mostly isolated from sick cattle / 47, 48
Escherichia coli O4:H- / 0 / N/U / *Mostly isolated from healthy sheep / 52
Escherichia coli O4:H5 / 0 / N/U / None found
Escherichia coli O45:H2 / 0 / N/U / *Isolated in healthy cattle / 51
Escherichia coli O5:H- / 0 / Y / *Isolated from sick cattle / 47
Escherichia coli O55:H7 / 0 / N/U / *Not isolated in cattle / 53
Escherichia coli O91:H- / 0 / N/U / Mostly isolated from healthy sheep / 47
European tick-borne encephalitis / 0 / Y / Non-human primates; domestic animals / 54,55,56
Far eastern tick-borne encephalitis / 0 / Y / Domestic animals / 54,55
Francisella tularensis / 1 / Y / Small rodents / 57
Guama / 0 / N/U / 55
Guanarito / 0 / N/U / 58
Hantaan / 0 / N/U / 59
Hendra / 1 / Y / Horses / 60
Hepatitis E / 0 / N/U / 61
Histoplasma capsulatum / 0 / Y / Some bat species (Tadaria brasiliensis) / 62,63
Human immunodeficiency virus / 0 / Y / Non-human primates / 64
Influenza A virus; H5N1 / 1 / Y / Birds; domestic animals (cats) / 65, 66
Jamestown Canyon virus / 0 / N/U / 67,68
Japanese encephalitis virus / 0 / Y / Domestic animals (pigs) / 69,54, 70
Kunjin virus / 0 / Y / Domestic animals (calves, horses) / 71,72
Kyasanur forest disease virus / 1 / Y / Wild non-human primates / 73,74
LaCrosse virus / 0 / N/U / 75
Laguna Negra virus / 0 / N/U / 76
Lassa virus / 0 / Y / Laboratory animals (rodents and non-human primate) / 77,78
Leishmania donovani / 0 / Y / Laboratory animals (non-human primates) / 79
Leishmania infantum / 0 / Y / Laboratory animals (non-human primates) / 79
Leishmania tropica / 0 / N/U / 80
Leptospira interrogans / 0 / Y / Domestic animals / 81,82
Leptospira weilii / 0 / N/U / 83
Lysteria monocytogene / 0 / N/U / 84
Machupo virus / 0 / Y / Rodents / 59
Malassezia pachydermatis / 0 / Y / Domestic animals (dogs) / 85
Marburg virus / 0 / Y / Wild non-human primates / 86,87
Mayaro virus / 0 / N/U / 88
Menangle virus / 1 / Y / Domestic animals (pigs) / 89,90
Metorchis conjunctus / 0 / Y / Wild canines (wolves) / 91
Monkeypox virus / 0 / Y / Wild rodents; domestic animals / 92,93
Murray valley encephalitis virus / 0 / N/U / 94
Mycobacterium asiaticum / 0 / Y / Laboratory animals (guinea pigs), non-human primates / 95,96
Mycobacterium bovis / 0 / Y / Domestic animals (cattle); wildlife / 97
Mycobacterium kansasii / 0 / N/U / 98
Mycobacterium marinum / 0 / Y / Fish (farm & captive) / 99,100
Mycobacterium simiae / 0 / Y / Non-human primates / 101
Mycobacterium tuberculosis / 0 / Y / Wild mammals / 102
Nipah virus / 0 / Y / Domestic animals (pigs) / 103
Ockelbo virus / 0 / N/U / 104
Omsk virus / 0 / Y / Wild mammals (muskrats); Laboratory animals / 105,106
O'nyong-nyong virus / 0 / N/U / 107
Oropouche virus / 0 / N/U / 108
Orungo virus / 0 / N/U / 109,110
Penicilium marneffei / 0 / Y / Laboratory animals (hamsters) / 111
Picobirnavirus / 0 / N/U / 112
Rabies virus / 0 / Y / Wild and domestic animals / 113
Rhodococcus equi / 0 / Y / Domestic animals (foals) / 114
Rickettsia africae / 0 / N/U / 115
Rickettsia akari / 0 / Y / Laboratory animals / 116,117
Rickettsia felis / 0 / Y / Domestic animals (cats) / 118
Rickettsia helvetica / 0 / N/U / 119
Rickettsia honei / 0 / N/U / 120,121
Rickettsia japonica / 0 / N/U / 121
Rickettsia mongolotimonae / 0 / N/U / 121, 122
Rickettsia prowazekii / 0 / Y / Laboratory animals (in natural host flying squirrel, Glaucomys volans) / 123
Rickettsia typhi / 0 / N/U / 55
Rift valley fever virus / 0 / Y / Domestic animals (sheep, dogs, cats) / 55
Rotavirus A / 0 / Y / Domestic animals / 54, 55
Sabia virus Brazilian Hemorrhagic fever / 0 / N/U / 54, 55
Salmonella enteritidis / 0 / N/U / 124
Salmonella enteritidis phage type 4 / 0 / Y / Domestic animals (chickens) / 125
Salmonella typhimurium drug-res / 1 / Y / Domestic animals (calves) / 126,127,128
Salmonella typhimurium multidrug-res / 1 / Y / Domestic animals (calves) / 126,127,128
SARS coronavirus / 0 / N/U / 129
Schistosoma japonicum / 0 / Y / Laboratory animals, domestic animals (pigs) / 130,131
Schistosoma mansoni / 0 / N/U / 132,133
Seoul virus / 1 / N/U / 59
Serratia odorifera biogroup 1 / 0 / N/U / 134,135
Sin nombre virus / 0 / N/U / 1
Sindbis virus / 0 / Y / Laboratory animals (mice) / 136
Staphylococcus lugdunensis / 0 / Y / Laboratory animals (mice) / 137
Tahyna virus / 0 / N/U / 138,55
Trichinella spiralis / 0 / N/U / 139
Trypanosoma brucei gambiense / 0 / N/U / 140
Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiensis / 0 / Y / Domestic (cattle) and wild animals / 140
Trypanosoma cruzi / 0 / N/U / 141
Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis virus / 1 / Y / Domestic animals (horses) / 142,143,144
Vibrio damsela / 0 / Y / Fish, turtles / 145,146
Vibrio vulnificus / 0 / Y / Wild fish (eels) / 147,148
West Nile virus / 0 / Y / Wild and domestic birds / 149,150
Whitewater Arroyo virus / 1 / N/U / 151,152
Yellow fever virus / 0 / Y / Non-human primates / 153,154
Yersinia pestis / 1 / Y / Wild mammals (prarie dogs, Cynomys gunnisoni) / 155
Yersinia pestis multiple drug-res / 1 / Y / Wild rodents (rats, Rattus rattus, Asiatic shrews, Suncus murinus) / 156, 157
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