Appendix 1: Data and Sources

Appendix 1: Data and Sources

Table 1: Erythrocyte Data and sources for Figure 1.

Group / Species / Body Temperature (oC ) / Body Mass (kg) / Average Cell Lifespan (d) / Source /
mammals / Ammotragus lervia / 37 / 45.5 / 147 / Vacha 1983
mammals / Bos Taurus / 38.3 / 404 / 130 / White and Seymour 2003, Vacha 1983
mammals / Canis familiaris / 38.9 / 14.5 / 100 / White and Seymour 2003, Vacha 1983
mammals / Capra hirkus / 39.1 / 31.8 / 115 / White and Seymour 2003, Vacha 1983
mammals / Cavia aperea Erx. Var. Procellus / 39a / 0.715 / 80 / Clarke et al. 2010, Vacha 1983
mammals / Cervus elaphus canadensis / 38.9 / 275 / 149 / White and Seymour 2003, Vacha 1983
mammals / Cervus nippon nippon / 37.1 / 55 / 159 / Suzuki et al. 2001, Vacha 1983
mammals / Choloepus didactylus L. / 34.4b / 9 / 113.5 / Clarke et al. 2010, Vacha 1983
mammals / Citellus tridecemlineatus Mitchill / 38.9 / 0.193 / 94.6 / Hock 1960, Vacha 1983
mammals / Dasypus novemcincius / 34.9 / 4.4 / 72 / Johansen 1961, Vacha 1983
mammals / Didelphis marsupialis virginiana / 35 / 3.7 / 74 / White and Seymour 2003, Vacha 1983
mammals / Equis caballus / 37.6 / 486 / 143 / White and Seymour 2003, Vacha 1983
mammals / Erinaceus europaeus / 33.9 / 0.672 / 91.2 / Webb & Ellison 1998, Vacha 1983
mammals / Felis catus / 38.6 / 3.6 / 72.5 / White and Seymour 2003, Vacha 1983
mammals / Glis glis / 37.7 / 0.12 / 91 / Clarke et al. 2010, Vacha 1983
mammals / Glossophaga soricina / 24.5 / 0.0102 / 181.8 / White and Seymour 2003, Voight et al. 2003
mammals / Hemitragus jemlahicus jemlahicus / 37 / 35.3 / 156 / Vacha 1983
mammals / Homo sapiens / 37 / 65 / 110 / White and Seymour 2003, Smith et al. 2003,
Rodnan et al. 1967; Kurata et al. 1993
mammals / Lama guanicos / 38.7c / 72 / 201 / Clarke et al. 2010, Vacha 1983
mammals / Leptonycteris curasoae / 24.5 / 0.0236 / 173.1 / White and Seymour 2003, Voight et al. 2003
mammals / Lutreola vison / 37.3 / 0.795 / 92.2 / Youngman 1990, Vacha 1983
mammals / Macaca mullata / 37 / 6.5 / 95.8 / White and Seymour 2003, Vacha 1983
mammals / Meriones unguiacalatus / 38.2 / 0.066 / 43 / White and Seymour 2003, Vacha 1983
mammals / Mus musculus / 36.9 / 0.0257 / 43 / White and Seymour 2003, Vacha 1983
mammals / Odocoileus hemionna / 39d / 32 / 95 / Clarke et al. 2010, Vacha 1983
mammals / Odocoileus virginianus / 39 / 73.7 / 127 / Clarke et al. 2010, Vacha 1983
mammals / Oryctolagus corniculus / 39 / 3.2 / 57 / White and Seymour 2003, Vacha 1983
mammals / Ovis aries / 39.1 / 64 / 135 / White and Seymour 2003, Vacha 1983
mammals / Rattus norvegicus / 37.3 / 0.302 / 56 / White and Seymour 2003, Vacha 1983
birds / Columba livia / 40 / 0.415 / 35 / Rodnan et al. 1957
birds / Corvus brachyrhynchos / 41.5 / 0.416 / 43 / Baldwin & Kendeigh 1932 as in Verbeek 1995,
Hobson & Clark 1993
birds / Coturnix coturnix japonica / 40.8 / 0.1126 / 18 / Freeman 1970, Nirmalan & Robinson 1973
birds / Dendroica coronata / 40.5 / 0.0115 / 15.7 / Yarboroug 1971, Podlesak et al. 2005
birds / Gallus gallus / 41.7 / 3.4 / 30 / White and Seymour 2003, Rodnan et al. 1957
birds / Passer domesticus / 43.5 / 0.022 / 27.8 / McNab 1966, Bauchinger and McWilliams 2009
birds / Pygoscelis adeliae / 38.2 / 4.9 / 31.4 / McNab 1966, Beaulieu et al. 2010
birds / Taeniopygia guttata / 41 / 0.016 / 19.3 / Bauchinger and McWilliams 2009
reptiles / Alligator mississippiensis / 31 / 2.5 / 256.3 / Cline & Waldman 1962a, Cline & Waldman 1962b
reptiles / Alligator mississippiensis / 16.5 / 2.5 / 1135.2 / Cline & Waldman 1962a, Cline & Waldman 1962b
reptiles / Caretta caretta / 26.5 / 0.2088 / 40.1 / Reich et al. 2008
reptiles / Caretta caretta / 26.5 / 0.0198 / 76.9 / Reich et al. 2008
reptiles / Elapha o. obsoleta / 20 / 0.625 / 122 / Marvin 1963, Baeyens et al. 1980
amphibians / Rana catesbeiana (tadpoles) / 25 / 0.0195 / 98.7 / Forman & Just 1975, Kupferberg 1997
amphibians / Rana pipiens / 25 / 0.078 / 172 / Cline & Waldman 1962b
amphibians / Taricha granulosa / 14 / 0.007 / 86 / Freidman et al. 1969
fishes / Carassius auratus langsdorfii / 25 / 0.225 / 73.6 / Fischer et al. 1998, Nakanishi & Ototake 1999
fishes / Crassius auratus / 19.5 / 0.0091 / 111.8 / Houston & Murad 1995
fishes / Oncorhynchus mykiss / 12e / 1.4 / 500 / Avery et al. 1992
fishes / Pterygoplichthys disjunctivus / 25 / 0.051 / 127.8 / German and Miles 2010
fishes / Tinca tinca / 18 / 0.13 / 150 / Hevesy et al 1964

a from Cavia porcellus

b based on Choloepus hoffamanni

c from Lama glama

d from Odocoileus virginianus

e This is assumed based on the temperature at which sub-experiments were performed.

Table 2: Data and Sources for Figure 2

Group / Species / Cell Type / Body Temperature (oC ) / Body Mass (kg) / Average Cell Lifespan (d) / Cell Volume (um3) / Cell Dimensions (um) / Sources /
mammals / Didelphis marsupialis virginiana / erythrocyte / 35 / 3.7 / 74 / 77 / White and Seymour 2003,
Vacha 1983,
genomesize.com/cellsize
mammals / Erinaceus europaeus / erythrocyte / 33.93 / 0.67 / 91.2 / 41 / Webb & Ellison 1998,
Vacha 1983,
genomesize.com/cellsize
mammals / Macaca mullata / erythrocyte / 37 / 6.5 / 95.8 / 76.9 / White and Seymour 2003,
Vacha 1983,
Savage et al. 2007
mammals / Lutreola vison / erythrocyte / 37.3 / 0.80 / 92.2 / 54.4 / Youngman 1990,
Vacha 1983,
Mustonenen et al. 2005
mammals / Canis familiaris / erythrocyte / 38.9 / 14.5 / 100 / 69.8 / White and Seymour 2003,
Vacha 1983,
genomesize.com/cellsize
mammals / Felis catus / erythrocyte / 38.6 / 3.6 / 72.5 / 52.5 / White and Seymour 2003,
Vacha 1983,
genomesize.com/cellsize
mammals / Dasypus novemcincius / erythrocyte / 34.9 / 4.4 / 72 / 59.6 / Johansen 1961,
Vacha 1983,
Dhindsa et al. 1971
mammals / Choloepus didactylus L. / erythrocyte / 34.4a / 9 / 113.5 / 113.7 / Clarke et al. 2010
Vacha 1983,
Marvin & Shook 1964
mammals / Citellus tridecemlineatus Mitchill / erythrocyte / 38.9 / 0.19 / 94.6 / 50.9 / Hock 1960, Vacha 1983,
McLaughlin & Meints 1972
mammals / Meriones unguiacalatus / erythrocyte / 38.2 / 0.07 / 43 / 55 / White and Seymour 2003,
Vacha 1983,
genomesize.com/cellsize
mammals / Rattus norvegicus / erythrocyte / 37.3 / 0.30 / 56 / 61.8 / White and Seymour 2003,
Vacha 1983,
Savage et al. 2007
mammals / Mus musculus / erythrocyte / 36.9 / 0.03 / 43 / 52.9 / White and Seymour 2003
Vacha 1983,
Savage et al. 2007
mammals / Cavia aperea Erx. Var. Procellus / erythrocyte / 39b / 0.72 / 80 / 80.6b / Clarke et al. 2010,
Vacha 1983,
genomesize.com/cellsize
mammals / Equis caballus / erythrocyte / 37.6 / 486 / 143 / 51.9 / White and Seymour 2003
Vacha 1983,
Savage et al. 2007
mammals / Oryctolagus corniculus / erythrocyte / 39 / 3.2 / 57 / 72.2 / White and Seymour 2003,
Vacha 1983,
Savage et al. 2007
mammals / Lama guanicos / erythrocyte / 38.7c / 72 / 201 / 40 / Clarke et al. 2010,
Vacha 1983,
genomesize.com/cellsize
mammals / Odocoileus hemionna / erythrocyte / 39d / 32 / 95 / 48 / Clarke et al. 2010,
Vacha 1983,
genomesize.com/cellsize
mammals / Odocoileus virginianus / erythrocyte / 39 / 73.7 / 127 / 47 / Clarke et al. 2010,
Vacha 1983,
genomesize.com/cellsize
mammals / Cervus nippon nippon / erythrocyte / 37.1 / 55 / 159 / 35 / Suzuki et al. 2001,
Vacha 1983,
genomesize.com/cellsize
mammals / Cervus elaphus canadensis / erythrocyte / 38.9 / 275 / 149 / 44 / White and Seymour 2003,
Vacha 1983,
genomesize.com/cellsize
mammals / Capra hirkus / erythrocyte / 39.1 / 31.8 / 115 / 21 / White and Seymour 2003,
Vacha 1983,
genomesize.com/cellsize
mammals / Ammotragus lervia / erythrocyte / 37e / 45.5 / 147 / 29 / Vacha 1983,
genomesize.com/cellsize
mammals / Ovis aries / erythrocyte / 39.1 / 64 / 135 / 34.3 / White and Seymour 2003,
Vacha 1983,
genomesize.com/cellsize
mammals / Bos Taurus / erythrocyte / 38.3 / 404 / 130 / 52 / White and Seymour 2003,
Vacha 1983,
genomesize.com/cellsize
mammals / Homo sapiens / erythrocyte / 37 / 65 / 110 / 88.3 / White and Seymour 2003,
Smith et al. 2003,
Rodnan et al. 1967;
Kurata et al. 1993,
genomesize.com/cellsize
birds / Gallus gallus / erythrocyte / 41.7 / 3.4 / 30 / 102 / White and Seymour 2003,
Rodnan et al. 1957
birds / Columba livia / erythrocyte / 40 / 0.42 / 35 / 171.2 / Rodnan et al. 1957,
Pavlak et al. 2005
birds / Corvus brachyrhynchos / erythrocyte / 41.5 / 0.42 / 0 / 137.5f / Baldwin & Kendeigh 1932,
as in Verbeek 1995,
Hobson & Clark 1993,
Ihedioha et al. 2001
birds / Dendroica coronata / erythrocyte / 40.5 / 0.01 / 15.7 / 380.1g / D: 0.4625 / Yarboroug 1971,
Podlesak et al. 2005,
genomesize.com/cellsize
birds / Coturnix coturnix japonica / erythrocyte / 40.8 / 0.11 / 18 / 102.5 / Freeman 1970,
Nirmalan & Robinson
1973, Schindler et al. 1987
birds / Taeniopygia guttata / erythrocyte / 41h / 0.02 / 19.3 / 108 / Bauchinger & McWilliams
2009,
Wagner et al. 2008
birds / Passer domesticus / erythrocyte / 43.5 / 0.02 / 27.8 / 374.4g / D: 11.3; W:5.6 / McNab 1966,
Bauchinger & McWilliam
2009,
genomesize.com/cellsize
fishes / Tinca tinca / erythrocyte / 18 / 0.13 / 150 / 191.7g / L: 13.4; W:10.6 / Hevesy et al 1964,
Shah 2006
fishes / Oncorhynchus mykiss / erythrocyte / 12i / 1.4 / 500 / 274 / Avery et al. 1992,
genomesize.com/cellsize
fishes / Crassius auratus / erythrocyte / 19.5 / 0.01 / 111.8 / 116 / Houston & Murad 1995
fishes / Pterygoplichthys disjunctivus / erythrocyte / 25 / 0.05 / 127.8 / German and Miles 2010
amphibians / Rana pipiens / erythrocyte / 25 / 0.08 / 0 / 711 / Cline & Waldman 1962b,
Harris 1972
amphibians / Rana catesbeiana (tadpoles) / erythrocyte / 25 / 0.02 / 98.7 / 670j / Kupferberg 1997,
Forman & Just 1975,
Harris 1972
mammals / Homo sapiens / T cell / 37 / 65 / 230.8 / 523.3 / White and Seymour 2003,
Lagerlof 2007,
Ramalho et al. 1995,
Grossi et al. 1978
mammals / Homo sapiens / neutrophil granulocyte / 37 / 65 / 11.2 / 299 / White and Seymour 2003,
Lagerlof 2007,
Pillay et al. 2010,
Ting-Beall et al. 1993
mammals / Homo sapiens / adipocyte / 37 / 65 / 3650 / 500000 / White and Seymour 2003,
Lagerlof 2007,
Arner et al. 2010
mammals / Homo sapiens / naïve T-cell lymphocyte / 37 / 65 / 1277.5 / 523.6 / White and Seymour 2003,
Lagerlof 2007,
Adibzadeh et al 1996,
Ramón-Cajal &
Tello-Muñoz 1933
mammals / Homo sapiens / memory T-cell lymphocyte / 37 / 65 / 154 / 321.6 / White and Seymour 2003,
Lagerlof 2007,
Adibzadeh et al 1996,
Ramón-Cajal &
Tello-Muñoz 1933
mammals / Homo sapiens / Cardio-myocyte / 37 / 65 / 1642.5 / 48000 / White and Seymour 2003,
Lagerlof 2007,
Kajstura et al. 2010,
Del Monte et al. 1995
mammals / Rattus norvegicus / Beta cell / 37.3 / 0.25 / 56 / 1020 / White and Seymour 2003,
Dingli et al. 2008,
Finegood et al. 1995
mammals / Rattus norvegicus / pituitary cells/ corticotroph / 37.3 / 0.11 / 65 / 0.001 / White and Seymour 2003,
Nolan et al. 1998
mammals / Rattus norvegicus / hepatocyte / 37.3 / 0.3 / 439.5 / 2977 / White and Seymour 2003,
Qian and Brosnan 1996,
Chandar et al. 1987
mammals / Rattus norvegicus / basal epithelial cell (airway) / 37.3 / 0.2 / 82 / 1436 / White and Seymour 2003,
Blenkinsopp 1967,
Shebani et al. 2004
mammals / Mus musculus / hepatocyte / 36.9 / 0.033 / 300 / 4154 / White and Seymour 2003,
MacDonald 1961,
Martin et al. 2002
mammals / Mus musculus / ciliated epithelium (trachea) / 36.9 / 0.03 / 180 / 523.3 / White and Seymour 2003,
MacDonald 1961,
Rawlins and Hogan 2008,
Lock and Valverde 2000
mammals / Mus musculus / memory T-cell lymphocyte / 36.9 / 0.03 / 90.9 / 120 / White and Seymour 2003,
MacDonald 1961,
Parretta et al. 2008,
Bobak et al. 2011
fishes / Carassius auratus langsdorfii / thrombocyte / 25 / 0.23 / 70 / 71.5k / D: 5.15l / Fischer et al. 1998,
Rey Vazquez &
Guerrero 2007
fishes / Carassius auratus langsdorfii / lymphocyte / 25 / 0.23 / 145 / 258k / D: 7.9l / Fischer et al. 1998,
Rey Vazquez &
Guerrero 2007
fishes / Carassius auratus langsdorfii / monocyte / 25 / 0.23 / 95 / 904k / D: 12l / Fischer et al. 1998,
Rey Vazquez &
Guerrero 2007

a based on Choloepus hoffamanni

b from Cavia porcellus

c from Lama glama

d from Odocoileus virginianus

e assumed average temperature of mammals

f from Corvus albis. Both weigh about 500g.

g calculate using the equation for a spheroid

h assumed average temperature for birds

i Assumed based on the temperature at which sub-experiments were performed.

j assuming the same size as adults

k assuming a spherical shape, based on Carassius auratus

l assuming a spherical shape, based on Carassius auratus

Table 3: Data and Sources for Figure 3.

Group / Species / Cell Type / BodyMass (kg) / Replicative Lifespan (d) / Sources /
mammals / Bos Taurus / young adult fibroblast / 725 / 74 / Lorenzini et al. 2005
mammals / Bos Taurus / adult parathyroid cell / 725 / 140 / Brandi et al. 1986, Lorenzini et al. 2005
mammals / Canis familiaris / young adult fibroblast / 10.8 / 30 / Lorenzini et al. 2005
mammals / Eptesicus fuscus / young adult fibroblast / 0.022 / 14 / Lorenzini et al. 2005
mammals / Felis catus / young adult fibroblast / 4 / 24 / Lorenzini et al. 2005
mammals / Gorilla gorilla / young adult fibroblast / 155 / 81 / Lorenzini et al. 2005
mammals / Heterocephalus glaber / young adult fibroblast / 0.042 / 16 / Lorenzini et al. 2005
mammals / Homo sapiens / adult osteoblast / 65 / 31 / Kassem et al. 1997
mammals / Homo sapiens / young adult fibroblast / 70 / 40 / Lorenzini et al. 2005
mammals / Mesocricetus auratus / adult dermis / 0.1 / 12.45 / Bruce et. al 1986
mammals / Mus musculus / young adult fibroblast / 0.0225 / 8 / Lorenzini et al. 2005
mammals / Peromyscus maniculatus / young adult fibroblast / 0.0265 / 11 / Lorenzini et al. 2005
mammals / Rattus norvegicus / young adult fibroblast / 0.33 / 19 / Lorenzini et al. 2005
mammals / Sciurus carolinensis / young adult fibroblast / 0.52 / 10 / Lorenzini et al. 2005
birds / Gallus gallus / embryo fibroblast / 3.4 / 32.5 / Lima 1972, Rodnan et al. 1957
reptiles / Testudo elephantopus / adult T1 cell / 7.9 / 114 / Goldstein 1974
amphibians / Rana nigromaculata / froglet melanophore / 0.025 / 12.8 / Okumoto 2001, Konsue et al. 2001
amphibians / Rana catesbeiana / melanophores / 0.14726 / 69 / Kondo and Ide 1983, Wang et al. 2007
fishes / Cynoscion nebulosus / adult muscle / 0.42379927 / 125 / Middlebrooks et al. 1979,
Johnson & Seaman 1986
fishes / Oryzias latipes / fibroblast / 0.000527 / 6.9 / Komura et l. 1987, Davies et al. 2002

Sources