APA FOR TEST 4

BACK

Which segments of the vertebral column are concave posteriorly? / Cervical and Lumbar
An increase in the curvature of either of these parts of the vertebral column in the sagittal plane is referred to as… / Lordosis
Which segments of the vertebral column are convex posteriorly? / Thoracic and Sacral
An increase in the curvature of the thoracic spine in the sagittal plane is referred to as… / Kyphosis
An increase in the curvature of the vertebral column in the coronal plane is referred to as… / Scoliosis
Name the ligament that courses from vertebral body to vertebral body anteriorly / Anterior longitudinal ligament
Name the ligament that courses from vertebral body to vertebral body posteriorly / Posterior longitudinal ligament
Name the ligament that courses from lamina to lamina / Ligamentum flavum
Name the ligament that courses from transverse process to transverse process / Intertransverse ligament
Name the ligament that courses from spinous process to spinous process / Interspinous ligament
Name the ligament that courses from tip of the spinous process to the tip of the spinous process / Supraspinous ligament
Which muscles comprise the erector spinae? / Iliocostalis
Longissimus
Spinalis
Which muscles comprise the transversospinal group? / Semispinalis
Multifidus
Rotatores
The most superficial back muscles in the region of the cervical spine are the: / Splenius capitis
Splenius cervicis
The major suboccipital muscles are the: / Obliquus capitis superior
Obliquus capitus inferior
Rectus capitis posterior major
Rectus capitis posterior minor

HEAD AND FACE – CHAPTER 8

What dural venous sinus lies deep to the external occipital protuberance? / Confluence of sinuses
Which cranial nerve exits the skull via the stylomastoid foramen? / Facial nerve
Which muscle elevates the upper lid? / Levator palpebrae superioris
Which cranial nerve innervates this muscle? / Oculomotor nerve
Weakness of which muscle causes ectropion? / Orbicularis oculi
Which cranial nerve innervates this muscle? / Facial nerve
Which cranial nerve innervates the temporalis and masseter muscles? / Trigeminal
Which muscle is used to raise the eyebrows? / Frontalis
Which cranial nerve innervates this muscle? / Facial nerve
Which muscle is used to close the eyes tightly? / Orbicularis oculi
Which cranial nerve innervates this muscle? / Facial nerve
Describe Bell’s phenomenon / Supraduction of the eye with forceful lid closure
Which muscle is used to retract the corners of the mouth (smile)? / Risorius
Which cranial nerve innervates this muscle? / Facial nerve
Which muscle is used to purse the lips? / Orbicularis oris
Which cranial nerve innervates this muscle? / Facial nerve
Through which foramen does the facial nerve enter the skull (exit the posterior cranial fossa)? / Internal auditory meatus
Through which foramen does the facial nerve exit the skull? / Stylomastoid foramen
What are the five terminal branches of the facial nerve that emerge from the substance of the parotid gland? / temporal
zygomatic
buccal
mandibular
cervical
Is the superior temporal artery a branch of the internal or external carotid artery? / External carotid artery
Is the facial artery a branch of the internal or external carotid artery? / External carotid artery
Which cranial nerve mediates the sensation from the forehead over the eyebrows? / Ophthalmic nerve
Which cranial nerve mediates the sensation from the skin over the maxilla? / Maxillary nerve
Which cranial nerve mediates the sensation from the skin over the mental tubercle? / Mandibular nerve
Which cranial nerve provides parasympathetic innervation to the parotid gland? / Glossopharyngeal nerve
What is the location of the postganglionic cell body? / Otic ganglion
Which cranial nerve provides parasympathetic innervation to the submandibular and submaxillary glands? / Facial nerve
What is the location of the postganglionic cell body? / Submandibular ganglion
Which cranial nerve provides parasympathetic innervation to the lacrimal gland? / Facial nerve
What is the location of the postganglionic cell body? / Pterygopalatine ganglion
Which cranial nerve provides motor innervation to the muscles of facial expression? / Facial nerve
Which cranial nerve provides motor innervation to the muscles of mastication? / Trigeminal nerve
Which cranial nerve provides sensory innervation to the face? / Trigeminal nerve
Which branch of this nerve innervates the skin over the eyebrow? / Ophthalmic nerve
Which opening in the middle cranial fossa contains the axons of this nerve branch? / Superior orbital fissure
Which branch of this nerve innervates the skin over the maxilla? / Maxillary nerve
Which opening in the middle cranial fossa contains the axons of this nerve branch? / Foramen rotundum
Which branch of this nerve innervates the skin over the mental protuberance? / Mandibular nerve
Which opening in the middle cranial fossa contains the axons of this nerve branch? / Foramen ovale
Which foramen transmits the axons of the glossopharyngeal nerve?
/ Jugular foramen
Which striated (skeletal) muscle is innervated by the glossopharyngeal nerve? / Stylopharyngeus
Which special sensory functions are mediated by the glossopharyngeal nerve? / Blood pressure measurement by carotid sinus and taste in posterior one-third of tongue
Which foramen transmits the axons of the vagus nerve? / Jugular foramen
Which striated muscles are innervated by the vagus nerve? / Pharyngeal constrictors and laryngeal muscles
What is the effect of the vagus nerve on heart rate? / Slows
What is the effect of the vagus nerve on gastric and intestinal motility? / Increases
Which special sensory functions are mediated by the vagus nerve? / Blood gas measurement by the carotid body and taste on the epiglottis
Which two foramina transmit the axons of the spinal accessory nerve? / Foramen magnum and jugular foramen
Which muscles are innervated by the spinal accessory nerve? / Sternocleidomastoid and trapezius
Which foramen transmits the axons of the hypoglossal nerve? / Hypoglossal canal
Which muscle innervated by the hypoglossal nerve is primarily involved in protrusion of the tongue? / genioglossus

NECK – CHAPTER 9

Three boundaries of the anterior triangle of the neck: / Midline of neck
Anterior border of SCM
Inferior border of mandible
Three boundaries of the carotid triangle / Anterior border of SCM
Posterior belly of digastric
Superior belly of omohyoid
Three boundaries of the submandibular triangle / Posterior belly of digastric
Anterior belly of digastric
Inferior border of mandible
Three boundaries of the muscular triangle / Superior belly of omohyoid
Anterior border of SCM
Midline of neck
Which muscles are located in the muscular triangle / Sternohyoid
Sternothyroid
Thyrohyoid
What is the vertebral level of the hyoid bone? / C3
Indicate the four suprahyoid muscles / Digastric
Stylohyoid
Mylohyoid
Thyrohyoid
What is the vertebral level of the thyroid notch? / C5
In which direction does the thyroid cartilage move? / Up
Which muscle abducts the vocal folds? / Posterior cricoarytenoid
Which nerve provides motor innervation to this muscle? / Inferior laryngeal
Which two muscles adduct the vocal folds? / Lateral cricoarytenoid
Transverse arytenoids
Which nerve provides motor innervations to these muscles? / Inferior laryngeal
Which laryngeal muscle lies on the external surface of the larynx? / Cricothyroid
Which nerve provides motor innervation to this muscle? / External laryngeal
Which nerve provides sensory innervation to the mucosal lining of the internal surface of the larynx? / Internal laryngeal
What is the vertebral level of the cricoid cartilage? / C6
Indicate the four infrahyoid muscles? / Sternothyroid
Thyrohyoid
Sternohyoid
Omohyoid
Vertebra prominens is in the spinous process of which vertebra? / C7
The three boundaries of the posterior triangle of the neck: / Anterior border of trapezius
Posterior border of SCM
Superior border of clavicle
Which four muscles form the floor of the posterior triangle of the neck? / Splenius capitis
Levator scapulae
Scalenus posterior
Scalenus medius
What is the action of the sternocleidomastoid muscle on the head? / Rotation to the contralateral side
At what vertebral level does the common carotid artery bifurcate? / C4
Which nerve lies within the carotid sheath along with the carotid artery? / Vagus nerve
What other structure lies within the carotid sheath? / Internal jugular vein
Which bony structure lies immediately posterior to the common carotid artery at this level? / Carotid tubercle

MOUTH – CHAPTER 10

Which muscle do you feel immediately anterior to the mandible and superior to the angle when they clench their teeth? / Masseter
Which cranial nerve provides motor innervation to this muscle? / Trigeminal
Which cranial nerve provides sensory innervation to the posterior part of the oropharynx? / Glossopharyngeal
Which muscle forms the anterior pillar of the tonsillar fossa? / Palatoglossus
Which muscle forms the posterior pillar of the tonsillar fossa? / Palatopharyngeus
Which muscle acts to move the uvula during phonation? / Levator veli palatini
Which cranial nerve provides motor innervation to this muscle? / Genioglossus
Which muscle acts to protrude the tongue? / Hypoglossal
Which cranial nerve provides general sensory (cutaneous) innervation to the anterior part of the tongue? / Trigeminal
Which cranial nerve provides special sensory (taste) innervation to the anterior part of the tongue? / Facial

EYE – CHAPTER 11

What word is used to describe papillary asymmetry of greater than 1mm? / Anisocoria
With quickly illuminate the right eye, not the left eye. What effect occurs in the illuminated right eye? / Pupillary constriction
With quickly illuminate the right eye, not the left eye. What effect did you observe in the non-illuminated left eye? / Pupillary constriction
With quickly illuminate the right eye, not the left eye. What reflex did you observe in the illuminated right eye? / Direct light reflex
With quickly illuminate the right eye, not the left eye. What reflex did you observe in the non-illuminated left eye? / Indirect (consensual) light reflex
With quickly illuminate the left eye, not the right eye. What effect occurs in the illuminated left eye? / Pupillary constriction
With quickly illuminate the left eye, not the right eye. What effect did you observe in the non-illuminated right eye? / Pupillary constriction
Malalignment of the visual axes is referred to as: / Strabismus
Involuntary oscillating movements of the eyes is called: / Nystagmus
Lateral rectus –
primary action
Innervation
Primary Effect of paralysis: / Abduction
Abducens nerve
Adducted
Medial rectus –
primary action
Innervation
Primary Effect of paralysis / Adduction
Oculomotor nerve
Abducted
Superior rectus –
primary action
secondary actions
Innervation
Primary Effect of paralysis
Secondary Effects of paralysis / Supraduction
Intorsion and adduction
Oculomotor nerve
Subducted
Extorted and abducted
Inferior rectus –
primary action
Secondary actions
Innervation
Primary Effect of paralysis
Secondary Effects of paralysis / Subduction
Extorsion and adduction
Oculomotor nerve
Supraducted
Intorted and abducted
Superior oblique –
primary action
secondary actions
Innervation
Primary Effect of paralysis
Secondary Effects of paralysis / Intorsion
Subduction and abduction
Trochlear nerve
Extorted
supraducted and adducted
Inferior oblique –
primary action
secondary actions
Innervation
Primary Effect of paralysis
Secondary Effects of paralysis / Extorsion
Supraduction and abduction
Oculomotor nerve
Intorted
Subducted and adducted
Muscle that causes abduction of the eye / Lateral rectus
Muscle that causes elevation of the abducted eye / Superior rectus
Muscle that causes depression of the abducted eye / Inferior rectus
Muscle that causes adduction of the eye / Medial rectus
Muscle that causes elevation of the adducted eye / Inferior oblique
Muscle that causes depression of the adducted eye / Superior oblique
Resulting eye position due to damage to the abducens nerve / Adducted
Resulting eye position due to damage to the trochlear nerve / Extorted, supraducted, and adducted
Resulting eye position due to damage to the oculomotor nerve / Subducted, abducted, intorted
Which cranial nerve, if damaged will affect pupillary size? / Oculomotor
Will the pupil on the affected side be larger or smaller than the pupil on the uninvolved side? / Larger
Which cranial nerve if damaged will result in ptosis? / Oculomotor
Which cranial nerve passes through the cavernous sinus, and as a result can be damaged by intracavernous carotid artery aneurysms? / Abducens
Which cranial nerve emerges from the dorsal surface of the brainstem? / Trochlear

EAR – CHAPTER 12

Using an otoscope to examine the tympanic membrane, in what direction does the “cone of light” extend from the umbo? / Anteriorly and Inferiorly
Which cranial nerves provide sensory innervation to the external surface of the tympanic membrane? / Trigeminal and Vagus nerves
Which of the ossicles is attached to the internal surface of the tympanic membrane? / Malleus
Which of the ossicles is attached to the oval window? / Stapes
Which muscle attaches to the malleus? / Tensor tympani
Which cranial nerve innervated this muscle? / Trigeminal nerve
Which muscle attached to the staples? / Stapedius
Which cranial nerve innervates this muscle? / Facial nerve
Which cranial nerve transmits auditory impulses to the brainstem? / Cochlear nerve
Which foramen of the skull transmits the axons of the vestibulocochlear nerve? / Internal acoustic meatus