AP European History Ch 14 Reading Study Guide #2 P. 428-442

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AP European History Ch 14 Reading Study Guide #2 P. 428-442

1. What venerated institutions did the new thinkers harshly criticize? Why?

1. Name the important scientific societies formed between 1660 and 1700?

1. What was the purpose of these scientific societies?

1. How did these people form the basis for the 18th Century Enlightenment?

1. What was Margaret Cavendish able to accomplish in this male-dominated field?

1. In what science in Germany were women able to be somewhat included in research?

Read “Margaret Cavendish Questions the Fascination with Scientific Instruments” pg.469

1. Why might Margaret Cavendish think that the experiments which were reported about new optical instruments dealt with superficial wonders?

1. Why does she contrast experimental philosophy with the beneficial arts?

1. Do you find a feminist perspective in her comparison of the men of the Royal Society with boys playing with bubbles?

1. Why was the Catholic Church so sensitive to Galileo’s writings at this time?

1. How did Galileo seemingly insult and betray Pope Urban VIII in 1632?

1. When was Galileo (finally) vindicated?

Read “Galileo Discusses the Relationship of Science to the Bible” pg. 471

1. Is Galileo’s argument based on science or theology?

1. Did the church believe that nature was as much a revelation of God as the Bible was?

1. As Galileo describes them, which is the surer revelation of God, nature or the Bible?

1. Describe Blaise Pascal’s ‘wager’.

1. How did Francis Bacon and later Isaac Newton reconcile their religious faith with their scientific pursuits?

1. Approximately how many people were condemned to death for witchcraft between 1400 and1700?

1. What is the Latin term for ‘harmful magic’?

1. What was the role of ‘cunning folk’ in village society?

1. Why do you think the Christian clergy claimed to have a monopoly on “good magic”?

1. What three groups of women were vulnerable to being accused of witchcraft?

1. Why and how did witch-hunts come to an end?

Read “Why More Women Than Men Are Witches” pg 476

1. When was the “Hammer of the Witches” (Malleus Maleficarum) written?

1. How do the authors characterize women?

1. What is baroque art and architecture?

1. How did Baroque art and architecture become associated with Roman Catholicism?

1. How did Baroque art and architecture become associated with Absolutist politics?

1. Name some of Bernini’s accomplishments.

1. How did Charles I of England employ Peter Paul Rubens?

1. How does Versailles fit this baroque concept?

Read “Midwives” pg. 477

1. What types of women became midwives in Early Modern Europe?

1. How did the authorities regulate the practice?

1. Why did male professionals gradually replace midwives?

Extra Credit…Read “Descartes and Swift Debate the Scientific Enterprise” P. 432-433

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