AP Biology “Opportunity #3 Study Guide

  1. Define metabolism.
  2. What is the difference between a catabolic and an anabolic pathway?
  3. Differentiate between kinetic, potential, thermal, and chemical NRG.
  4. What is entropy?
  5. What is free energy? How do you measure the change in free energy?
  6. A spontaneous reaction has a _____ ΔG; a nonspontaneous reaction has a _____ ΔG.
  7. The total energy of a system is known as its ______.
  8. Differentiate between exergonic and endergonic reactions.
  9. What are the benefits of energy coupling?
  10. Describe how the structure of ATP enables it to be a source of energy.
  11. How much energy is released from the hydrolysis of one mole of ATP molecules?
  12. What happens when a reactant is phosphorylated?
  13. Describe how photosynthesis and respiration are dependent on each other.
  14. What is the basic equation for cellular respiration?
  15. Define redox reaction.
  16. When a substance gains e-, it is ______; when it loses e-, it is ______.
  17. What are oxidizing and reducing agents?
  18. Why are electron transport chains more efficient than combustion reactions?
  19. What is NAD+?
  20. Describe what happens in glycolysis. What is the net ATP yield? What is produced?
  21. Before it enters the Krebs cycle, pyruvate is converted to ______.
  22. What goes into the citric acid/Krebs cycle? What comes out?
  23. Define chemiosmosis, oxidative phosphorylation.
  24. What role do cytochromes play in the ETC?
  25. Describe what happens to electrons as they pass through the ETC?
  26. What happens to the NRG stored in the proteins of the ETC?
  27. Describe how ATP synthase makes ATP using the proton-motive force.
  28. How many ATP molecules can be made from chemiosmosis?
  29. The final e- acceptor in aerobic respiration is ______.
  30. Differentiate between aerobic and anaerobic.
  31. What happens to pyruvate if Oxygen is not present?
  32. What happens in alcohol fermentation? Lactic acid fermentation? Name 2 products of each.
  33. Describe how proteins and fats can be sued as fuel.
  34. What is the difference between an autotroph and a heterotroph?
  35. Describe the function/location of each: mesophyll, chloroplast, stomata, stroma, thylakiods
  36. In photosynthesis, ______is oxidized and ______is reduced.
  37. What is the general equation for the reaction of photosynthesis?
  38. What is visible light?
  39. Light particles are known as______.
  40. How are chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoids different?
  41. Describe the role of the following within a photosystem: light-harvesting (antenna) complex, reaction center, primary e- acceptor.
  42. How are photosystems I and II similar? How are they different? Which comes first?
  43. The electrons lost from PS II are replenished by______.
  44. Electrons are accepted by ______at the end of the photosynthesis ETC.
  45. Describe how noncyclic electron flow works. What is different in cyclic electron flow?
  46. Compare/contrast chemiosmosis in chloroplasts and mitochondria… 3 similarities/3 differences.
  47. What reactants go into the Calvin cycle? What comes out?