In one battle of this conflict, troops advanced west of Mount Longdon, only to find that the enemy had withdrawn from Rough Diamond hill. In one operation, a reporter was forbidden from disclosing the number of planes involved in one operation, and instead reported that he "counted them all out and ... counted them all back." That operation, called Black Buck, opened hostilities and attacked airstrips at Stanley and Goose Green. The war began after some scrap metal merchants raised their flag at South Georgia, leading Margaret Thatcher to order a response. FTP, identify this conflict between Great Britain and Argentina over some islands.
ANSWER: the Falklands War [accept -conflict or -crisis; accept Falkland Islands and something like war]
This star's chromosphere is notable for displaying lines of emission, rather than the more normal lines of absorption, and it was notably measured by Pease in 1919. This star has the third highest observed angular diameter after the sun and R Doradus, and its name is derived from a word meaning house or armpit. This star is one of the verteces in the Winter Triangle asterism. For ten points, identify this star which is the second brightest star in the constellation Orion after Rigel, even though it has the designation Alpha, a notably huge red giant.
ANSWER: Betelgeuse
This artist’s early impressionistic works include Molen: Mill in Sunlight and Avond: Red Tree, and he depicted the titular blue vessel sitting on a desk in a pair of works called Still Life with Gingerpot. He later painted a number of “Lozenge Compositions”, one of which was called Fox Trot. His other works include Tableau I and one which uses yellow paths to depict traffic lights and evokes the music of an American city. Both of those works were painted while a part of a group he founded with Theo van Doesburg. For 10 points, identify this artist of De Stijl who painted Broadway Boogie Woogie and Composition in Red, Yellow, and Blue.
ANSWER: Piet Mondrian [or Pieter Cornelis Mondrian]
F.W. Goetz discovered one way to measure its concentration, the Umkehr Effect, and it cleaves double bonds in alkenes in the Criegee mechanism. Rowland, Molina, and Crutzen won a 1995 Nobel Prize for their work determining that hydroxyl, bromine, and chlorine radicals are among the things that catalyze its decomposition. Concentration of this chemical is measured in Dobson units, while its largest generator is the Catatumbo Lightning. For 10 points, identify this compound named for the smell produced by a lightning strike, a UV-ray-blocking allotrope of oxygen that is decomposed by CFCs and has a namesake “layer” in the atmosphere.
ANSWER: ozone [or O3]
This man secured the allegiance of John George I of Saxony with a victory that saw him refuse the flank near Podelwitz, forcing Ferdinand II to find a new general after this man won at Breitenfeld. He employed Torsten Stalhandske's Hakkapelitta cavalry at a third engagement that occurred in the wake of Alte Veste and saw the death of Pappenheim, and forced this man's minister Axel Oxenstierna to take over after his death. For ten points, identify this man killed at the Battle of Lutzen, a Swedish king known as the “Lion of the North” who fought against Tilly and Wallenstein in the Thirty Years War.
ANSWER: Gustavus Adolphus or Gustav II Adolf
Chieko learns that she was adopted by garment workers and heads to the countryside to find her sister Naeko in one work by this author, while another sees Eguchi visit a brothel in which women are drugged, only to become perplexed when they cannot satisfy him with conversation. Besides The Old Capital and The House of the Sleeping Beauties, this author wrote about Shingo, who hears the titular Sound of the Mountain, and another work about Shimamura's disastrous relationship with a geisha. For ten points, identify this author of The Mast of Go who wrote Thousands Cranes and Snow Country, a Japanese author who won the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1968.
ANSWER: Kawabata Yasunari
A violinist and a man with a scythe appear in this work before the distant background buildings, one of which features a cross. The object held at bottom by one of the primary figures bears similarity to the artist's earlier The White Crucifixion, while both central figures appear to be wearing rosaries. A goat is milked within the face of the leftmost figure, who stares opposite a green face. For ten points, identify this painting showing a giant goat staring at the first title subject, set against a Russian town meant to represent the second, painted by Marc Chagall.
ANSWER: I and the Village
The collision integral and Boltzmann constant are required for the Chapman-Enskog estimation of this quantity. For an ideal gas, the Sutherland equation can be used to obtain it, and the inverse of its square is proportional to the Grashof number. The stress tensor associated with it lacks a term for pressure, and it exists in dynamic and kinematic varieties. Inversely proportional to the Reynolds number, it is constant for Newtonian fluids and is almost completely eliminated in superfluids. For 10 points, name this measure of a fluid's resistance to flow.
ANSWER: viscosity
The treasury of Debre Damo was burned by one female ruler of this nation, Gudit. This nation contains the site Yeha, thought to be capital of its D’mt kingdom, and some rock structures in this nation were built by King Lalibela of its Zagwe Dynasty. It was made a protectorate after the deceptive Treaty of Wuchale, which was followed up years later by its victory at the Battle of Adowa under the command of Menelik II. Eritrea broke from this nation, and earlier the Italy colonized it in a 1935 war. For 10 points, name this African country ruled by Haile Selassie.
ANSWER: Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
A two component problem dealing with this phenomenon is known as Stefan’s diffusion problem. This phenomenon’s turbulent form can occur in accretion disks and in the Prandtl-Taylor analogy. It occurs when the ratio of the buoyant force to the product of the viscous drag and the rate of heat diffusion, known as Rayleigh’s number, exceeds a critical value. It is often accompanied by the presence of namesake cells and occurs when currents in a liquid or gas transfer energy away from its source For 10 points, name this type of heat and mass transfer that differs from radiation and conduction.
ANSWER: convection
One of this composer’s operatic compositions includes an Act One flute duet during a pantomime between a lady and a cavalier whom the title jeweler kills for a piece of gold. His Craft of Musical Composition illustrates opposition to the twelve-tone school, preferring instead “music for use.” In addition to Cardillac, this composer wrote both libretto and music for an opera that includes Gregorian chants in its “Concert of the Angels” Prelude before covering the Peasants’ Revolt. For 10 points, name this German composer of an operatic life of Matthias Grünewald, Mathis der Maler.
ANSWER: Paul Hindemith
In the current method for calculating their number, the number of their groups is multiplied by ten and added to the number of individuals; that method was developed by Rudolph Wolf. John Dalton and Edward Maunder name periods where the activity of these entities was depressed. Analysis of Beryllium-10 deposition has revealed a 200 year periodicity in their occurrence, and they are formed because stronger magnetic activity prevents convection. Their central region, called the umbra, contains a vertical magnetic field. For 10 points, identify these regions whose temperatures are around 4500 Kelvin, and are much cooler than the rest of the sun’s surface.
ANSWER: sunspots
In one of his paintings, a girl seated on a dog stares at her sister and her mother, who are seated on a sofa, and he also painted a portrait of Richard Wagner. In addition to Madame Charpentier and her Children, this artist painted Girl with a Watering Can. Another of his painting shows a man chatting with a woman dressed in black as several people in the background are dancing, while another of his painting shows Gustav Caillebote seated in front of the wife of this artist who is playing with a dog. For 10 points, identify this artist who painted Moulin de la Galette and Luncheon of the Boating Party.
ANSWER: Pierre-Auguste Renoir
In one poem, a woman expects this object to depict “athletes in their games” and “men and women in a dance” but instead it shows the execution of three men, an urchin throwing a stone at a bird, and an army lectured by “a voice without a face.” In addition to that poem by WH Auden, in another work it contains nine concentric circles which depict two beautiful cities and a vineyard and was made by Hephaestus at the behest of Thetis to replace a similar object lost by Patroclus. For 10 points, name this object belonging to the greatest Greek warrior of the Trojan War.
ANSWER: Shield of Achilles [accept equivalents that include the words “shield” and “Achilles”]
A seated woman in a kimono is holding a painting in one work by this man, while in another, a girl in white leans on the titular structure while a woman in black is seated at it. In addition to painting The Golden Screen and At the Piano, this man designed the green and gold Peacock Room for Frederick Leyland. The artist’s mistress Joanna Hiffernan holds a lily while standing on a bear rug in one painting, while another features a seated elderly woman in black looking to her left. For 10 points, name this American artist of The White Girl and Arrangement in Grey and Black, also known as The Artist’s Mother.
ANSWER: James Abbott McNeill Whistler
Like Naito-Oyanagi disease, Haw River Syndrome and Dentatorubral-pallidoluysian atrophy, this disease is caused by repetition of CAG, and it is highly prevalent in the villages of Barranquitas and Lagunetas on Venezuela’s Lake Maracaibo. Symptoms of this include Bradykinesia and Dystonia and it results from a mutation of the polyglutamine tract, more precisely a trinucleotide repeat of chromosome 4. For 10 points, name this autosomal dominant genetic disorder named after an American physician and characterized by chorea, or involuntary jerking of the body.
ANSWER: Huntington’s disease [or Huntington’s chorea; or chorea major; prompt on “HD”]
Near the beginning of this conflict, the Special Powers Act was passed, which increased the powers given to the B-Specials. Controversy arose over the requirement that the nation be considered a “free state” instead of a republic, which angered the Republicans and led to the resignation of Eamon de Valera, and shortly thereafter it began when Rory O'Connor occupied the Four Courts. For ten points, identify this conflict which followed a 1921 treaty with Great Britain and died as little popular support existed for the anti-treaty faction of the IRA.
ANSWER: Irish Civil War
The Solnhofen deposit of this rock in Germany has preserved many pristine fossils not found elsewhere, most famously the archaeopterix. The Folk and Dunham classification systems may be used to precisely categorize this type of rock. Micrite and sparite are varieties of this type of rock, as is travertine. This rock sometimes contains high amounts of magnesium carbonate, or dolomite, but it more commonly features high amounts of aragonite and calcite. It commonly originates from secretions and fossilization of marine animals. For ten points, identify this common sedimentary rock which is usually composed of calcium carbonate and which metamorphoses into marble.
ANSWER: limestone
A compound containing this element bound to phenyl groups is used with diethyl azodicarboxylate to catalyze the Mitsunobu reaction. A high-density form of this element is obtainable through recrystallization from lead and is named for Hittorf, while other allotropes include a stabilized network solid called "red," while its best-known form is an extremely volatile tetrahedron called "white." For 10 points, identify this element, the oxide of which makes up the backbone of nucleic acids and is an essential component of the head groups of the lipid bilayers that make up cell membranes, and which is the namesake of a light-emission phenomenon it does not itself exhibit often paired with fluorescence.
ANSWER: phosphorus
After listening to three young men gossip about their love lives, the protagonist sleeps with the Heir Apparent's aunt, and he flees to Suma, where he meets the Akashi Novice. Its closing chapters follow the son of the current Empress and the son of the title character's nephew, who struggle over women, including Ukifune; that section, about Niou and Kaoru, is called the Uji chapters; most of its other characters are referred to by their rank or the color of their clothes. For 10 points, identify this work containing a chapter between forty-one and forty-two entitled “Vanished into the Clouds,” which is blank, in which Lady Fujitsubo and Aoi [ow-ee] number among the many lovers of the titular emperor's son, a classic of the Heian period attributed to Murasaki Shikibu
ANSWER: Tale of Genji
He sketched a Japanese actress who went by the name Hanako as a study for a portrait of Beethoven. His terracotta bust of a woman with grapes in her hair, Bacchante, reflects the influence of Carrier-Balleuse. One of his most famous works was originally entitled Francesca da Rimini, while another depicts several figures who were ultimately saved by Phillipa of Hainault. For 10 points, identify this man who was accused of casting a living model for his The Age of Bronze, in addition to creating a portal for a museum that was never built, the Gates of Hell, and depicting two seated lovers embracing in The Kiss and a man with his knuckles on his chin in The Thinker.