ADDITIONAL FILE
Annex 1: Definition of facility types as coded in the unit cost database
Facility type / Description /Primary-level hospital / Has few specialities, mainly internal medicine, obstetrics-gynecology, pediatrics, and general surgery, or only general practice; limited laboratory services are available for general but not for specialized pathological analysis; bed capacity ranges from 30 to 200 beds; often referred to as a district hospital or first-level referral.
Secondary-level hospital / Highly differentiated by function with five to ten clinical specialities; bed capacity ranging from 200-800 beds; often referred to as provincial hospital.
Tertiary-level hospital / Highly specialized staff and technical equipment, e.g., cardiology, ICU and specialized imaging units; clinical services are highly differentiated by function; may have teaching activities; bed capacity ranges from 300 to 1,500 beds; often referred to as central, regional or tertiary-level hospital.
Definition of hospital levels (adapted from Barnum and Kutzin 1993 (2))
Annex 2 Percentage of missing data in the model variables prior to data imputation
Ln GDP per capita / Natural log of GDP per capita in 1998 I $ / 0
Ln occupancy rate / Natural log of occupancy rate / 48
Drug costs / Dummy variable for inclusion of drug costs. Included =1 / 3
Food costs / Dummy variable for inclusion of food costs. Included =1 / 19
Level 1 hospital / Dummy variable for level 1 hospital / 16
Level 2 hospital / Dummy variable for level 2 hospital / 16
Public / Dummy variable for level public hospitals / 1
Private for profit / Dummy variable for level private for profit hospitals / 1
USA / Dummy variable for USA to control for charges data. USA=1 / 0
Annex 3 Countries and number of unit cost observations included in the model
Australia / 64 / Nepal / 3
Bangladesh / 21 / Netherlands / 1
Benin / 1 / New Zealand / 4
Bolivia / 1 / Niger / 2
Cambodia / 1 / Norway / 6
China / 367 / Papua New Guinea / 8
Colombia / 1 / Poland / 4
Ecuador / 70 / Republic of Korea / 32
Egypt / 5 / Russian Federation / 22
Ethiopia / 1 /
Rwanda
/ 4Ghana / 2 / Saint Lucia / 1
Indonesia / 5 / Sri Lanka / 93
Italy / 2 / Thailand / 41
Jamaica / 3 / Turkey / 1
Kenya / 7 / United Kingdom / 176
Lebanon / 4 / United Republic of Tanzania / 7
Malawi / 2 / United States of America / 203
Mexico / 2 / Zimbabwe / 2
Namibia / 2 / Total / 1171
Observations range from 1973-2001, with 95% after 1990.