Ancient Sedimentary DNA Reveals Past Tsunami Deposits
Supplementary Information
Ancient sedimentary DNA reveals past tsunami deposits
Witold Szczuciński, Joanna Pawłowska, Franck Lejzerowicz, Yuichi Nishimura, Mikołaj Kokociński, Wojciech Majewski, Yugo Nakamura, Jan Pawlowski
Supplementary Table 1: Tagged primer combination design
Sample name / Forward primer / Reverse primerHC1.1 / F1-D / 15-A
HC1.2 / F1-B / 15-B
HC1.3 / F1-G / 15-C
HC2.1 / F1-P / 15-D
HC2.2 / F1-C / 15-E
HC2.3 / F1-A / 15-F
HC3.2 / F1-O / 15-H
HC4.1 / F1-Q / 15-J
HC4.2 / F1-H / 15-K
HC5.1 / F1-R / 15-M
HC6.3 / F1-X / 15-R
HC7.1 / F1-L / 15-S
HC8.1 / F1-S / 15-Y
HC8.2 / F1-V / 15-W
HC8.3 / F1-W / 15-X
HC9.1 / F1-Y / 15-Y
HC9.2 / F1-Z / 15-Z
HC9.3 / F1-T / 15-R
HC10.1 / F1-E / 15-K
HC10.2 / F1-B / 15-N
HC10.3 / F1-A / 15-P
Supplementary Table 2: Sediment properties of the samples from core HC and from a modern wetland and beach
The results of sedimentological analyses for the sediment core HC (42.70887 N and 143.67905 E) and reference peat and beach samples. LOI is organic matter content expressed as loss on ignition in 550 °C. Weight content of >1 mm (0 Φ) sediment fraction was obtained from sieving, while mean grain size and sorting for smaller fraction come from analyses with a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 Particle Analyser and are presented using [Φ] grain size units. Mean and sorting are calculated using logarithmic method of moments.
Sample No. / sediment type / mid depth in core [cm] / LOI [%] / > 1 mm grain size fraction [weight %] / mean [Φ] / sorting [Φ]HC1 / peat / 1 / 40.85 / 0 / 5.04 / 1.65
HC2 / paleotsunami sand (T1) / 16 / 1.59 / 8.28 / 0.60 / 1.22
HC3 / paleotsunami sand (T1) / 36 / 1.27 / 27.03 / 0.49 / 1.36
HC4 / peat / 40 / 41.79 / 0 / 5.36 / 1.55
HC5 / peat / 76 / 38.31 / 0 / 5.43 / 1.58
HC6 / paleotsunami sand (T3) / 81 / 3.40 / 8.26 / 1.10 / 1.50
HC7 / paleotsunami sand (T4) / 111 / 3.51 / 4.52 / 1.13 / 1.24
HC8 / peat / surface / 40.27 / 0 / 4.97 / 1.69
HC9 / beach / surface / 0.96 / 0 / 1.40 / 0.50
HC10 / beach / surface / 0.86 / 0 / 1.09 / 0.44
Supplementary Table 3: Diatoms in the samples from core HC and from a modern wetland and beach
The integer counts for all identified diatom species in the analysed samples.
Taxon \ Sample No. / HC1 / HC2 / HC3 / HC4 / HC5 / HC6 / HC7 / HC8 / HC9 / HC10 /Achnanthes cf. rosenstockii / 3
Achnanthes lutheri Hustedt / 3
Achnanthes oblongella Ǿstrup / 8
Achnanthes sp. / 1 / 1 / 1
Achnanthes trinodis (Ralfs) Grunow / 72 / 4 / 1
Achnanthidium minutissiumum (Kützing) Czarnecki / 1 / 1 / 1 / 4
Achnanthidiums subatomoides (Hustedt) Monnier, Lange-Bertalot & Ector / 1
Actinocyclus normanii (Gregory) Hustedt / 7
Actinocyclus ochotensis A.P.Jousé / 1
Actinocyclus sp. / 1 / 4 / 1 / 11 / 24
Actinoptychus senarius (Ehrenberg) Ehrenberg / 2 / 1 / 2 / 3
Amphora coffeaformis (C.Agardh) Levkov / 1
Bacillaria paxillifera (O.F. Muller) Hendey / 1 / 3
Brachysira brebissonii R. Ross / 2
Brachysira zellensis (Grunow) Round & D.G. Mann / 33 / 26 / 1
Caloneis sp. / 1 / 1
Cavinula cocconeiformis (Gregory ex Greville) D.G.Mann & A.J.Stickle / 2
Cavinula lapidosa (Krasske) Lange-Bertalot / 1 / 8 / 1 / 1
Cavinula pseudoscutiformis (Hustedt) D.G.Mann & A.J.Stickle / 1
Chamaepinnularia begerii (Krasske) Lange-Bertalot / 7
Chamaepinnularia hassiaca (Krasske) Cantonati & Lange-Bertalot / 1 / 1
Chamaepinnularia mediocris (Krasske) Lange-Bertalot & Krammer / 1 / 5
Cocconeis disculus (Schumann) Cleve / 2
Cocconeis distans W.Gregory / 2
Cocconeis neodiminuta Krammer / 2
Cocconeis neothumensis Krammer / 12
Cocconeis pediculus Ehrenberg / 1
Cocconeis placentula Ehrenberg / 2 / 6 / 4 / 6
Cocconeis pseudothumensis Reichardt / 2 / 5
Cocconeis scutellum Ehrenberg / 1
Craticula cf. molestiformis / 6
Cyclotella radiosa (Grunow) Lemmermann / 2 / 2
Cyclotella sp. / 3 / 1 / 1
Cymbella sp. / 2
Cymbopleura amphicephala (Nägeli) Krammer / 1
Cymbopleura sp. / 1
Diadesmis brekkaensis (J.B.Petersen) D.G.Mann / 2
Diatoma cf. mesodon / 2
Diploneis elliptica (Kützing) Cleve / 1 / 1 / 1
Diploneis interrupta (Kützing) Cleve / 3
Diploneis sp. / 2
Diploneis sp.1 / 1
Encyonema minutum (Hilse) D.G.Mann / 2 / 1
Encyonema neogracile Krammer / 1
Encyonema perpusillum (Cleve) D.G.Mann / 6 / 1 / 4 / 4
Encyonema silesiacum (Bleisch) D.G.Mann / 1 / 2 / 7
Encyonema sp. / 3 / 1
Epithemia sp. / 1 / 1
Epithemia turgida (Ehrenberg) Kützing / 1 / 1 / 9
Eunotia arcus Ehrenberg / 5 / 6 / 22 / 1 / 2 / 5
Eunotia bidens Ehrenberg / 13 / 4 / 3 / 2
Eunotia bilunaris (Ehrenberg) Schaarschmidt / 3 / 1 / 4 / 3 / 3
Eunotia boreotenuis Nörpel-Schempp & Lange-Bertalot / 2
Eunotia botuliformis F.Wild, Nörpel & Lange-Bertalot / 31 / 4 / 24 / 4 / 1 / 1 / 9
Eunotia fallacoides Lange-Bertalot and M.Cantonati / 17 / 18 / 2
Eunotia fallax A.Cleve / 5 / 11 / 10 / 6 / 23 / 1
Eunotia flexuosa (Brébisson ex Kützing) Kützing / 2 / 2 / 3
Eunotia gallica Lange-Bertalot & Witkowski / 5
Eunotia glacialifalsa Lange-Bertalot / 1
Eunotia groenlandica (Grunow) Nörpell-Schempp & Lange-Bertalot / 17 / 3 / 1 / 8 / 3 / 7
Eunotia implicata Nörpell, Lange-Bertalot & Alles / 1 / 15 / 2 / 1 / 3
Eunotia incisa W.Smith ex W.Gregory / 1 / 23 / 28 / 3 / 1 / 1
Eunotia minor (Kützing) Grunow / 2 / 53 / 9 / 1 / 14
Eunotia mucophila (Lange-Bertalot & Nörpel Schempp) Metzeltin, Lange-Bertalot & Garcia-Rodrigu / 2 / 1
Eunotia neocompacta var vixcompacta Lange-Bertalot / 8 / 6
Eunotia paludosa Grunow / 1 / 5
Eunotia paratridentula Lange-Bertalot & Kulikovskiy / 6
Eunotia praerupta Ehrenberg / 3 / 6 / 16 / 4
Eunotia pseudoflexuosa Hustedt / 2
Eunotia seminulum Nörpel-Schempp & Lange-Bertalot / 1
Eunotia sera Ehrenberg / 1
Eunotia soleirolii (Kützing) Rabenhorst / 3 / 5 / 3
Eunotia sp. 1 / 2 / 1 / 2
Eunotia sp. 2 / 2
Eunotia sp. 3 / 1
Eunotia sp. 4 / 1
Eunotia superbidens Lange-Bertalot / 1
Eunotia tenella (Grunow) Hustedt / 1 / 17
Eunotia varioundulata Nörpel & Lange-Bertalot / 14
Falacia cf. oculiformis / 3
Fragilaria biceps Ehrenberg / 9 / 1 / 2 / 3 / 1
Fragilaria capucina Desmazières / 1
Fragilaria capucina var. vaucheriae (Kützing) Lange-Bertalot / 1
Fragilaria famelica (Kützing) Lange-Bertalot / 2
Fragilaria schulzi Brockmann / 5
Fragilariforma bicapitata (Mayer) D.M.Williams & Round / 1
Fragilariforma exigua (Grunow) M.G.Kelly / 58 / 1
Fragilariforma nitzschioides (Grunow) Lange-Bertalot / 2
Fragilariforma virescens (Ralfs) D.M.Williams & Round / 5
Frustulia creuzburgensis (Krasske) Hustedt / 9 / 4
Frustulia saxonica Rabenhorst / 22 / 9 / 94 / 10 / 65 / 1
Frustulia sp. / 2
Frustulia vulgaris (Thwaites) De Ton / 4
Gomphonema cf olivaceolum / 1
Gomphonema coronatum Ehrenberg / 1
Gomphonema olivaceoides Hustedt / 1
Gomphonema olivaceum (Hornemann) Brébisson / 1
Gomphonema parvulum Kützing / 1 / 1 / 1 / 1
Gomphonema sp. / 1
Gyrosigma acuminatum (Kützing) Rabenhorst / 1
Halamphora normanii (Rabenhorst) Levkov / 1
Hantzschia amphioxys (Ehrenberg) Grunow / 2 / 4
Hippodonta capitata (Ehrenberg) Lange-Bertalot, Metzeltin & Witkowski / 2
Humidophila contenta (Grunow) Lowe, Kociolek, J.R.Johansen, Van de Vijver, Lange-Bertalot & Kopalová / 14 / 1 / 1 / 1
Kabayasella parasubtilissima (Kobayasi & Nagumo) Lange-Bertalot / 3
Luticola cohnii (Hilse) D.G.Mann / 2 / 1 / 9
Luticola sp. / 1 / 1
Martyana atomus (Hustedt) Snoeijs / 1
Meridion circulare (Greville) C.Agardh / 2 / 1
Navicula antonii Lange-Bertalot / 1 / 1
Navicula cari Ehrenberg / 1
Navicula cf. peregrinopsis / 4
Navicula cryptotenella Lange-Bertalot / 1
Navicula gregaria Donkin / 4 / 4
Navicula lanceolata Ehrenberg / 1
Navicula striolata (Grunow) Lange-Bertalot / 153
Navicula tripunctata (O.F.Müller) Bory / 1
Navicula vulpina Kützing / 1
Naviculadicta absoluta (Hustedt) Lange-Bertalot / 14
Neidium bisulcatum (Lagerstedt) Cleve / 1 / 1
Nitzschia acidoclinata Lange-Bertalot / 4 / 1
Nitzschia dissipata var. Media / 2
Nitzschia gracilis Hantzsch / 2 / 5 / 4
Nitzschia hantzschiana Rabenhorst / 1
Nitzschia palea (Kützing) W.Smith / 1
Nitzschia radicula Hustedt / 6 / 8
Nitzschia sociabilis Hustedt / 1
Opephora mutabilis (Grunow) Sabbe & Vyverman / 18 / 4
Pinnularia acoricola Hustedt / 1
Pinnularia biceps W.Gregory / 1
Pinnularia borealis Ehrenberg / 2 / 1 / 2 / 1 / 12 / 2
Pinnularia cf. eifeliana / 2
Pinnularia cf. sinistra / 1
Pinnularia divergens W. Smith / 3
Pinnularia gibba Ehrenberg / 6 / 2
Pinnularia microstauron (Ehrenberg) Cleve / 2
Pinnularia nodosa (Ehrenberg) W.Smith / 2
Pinnularia obscura Krasske / 1
Pinnularia schoenfelderi Krammer / 26 / 4 / 42 / 2 / 1
Pinnularia subcapitata W.Gregory / 2 / 4 / 9 / 4 / 9
Pinnularia subgibba Krammer / 1
Pinnularia sudetica (Hilse) Hilse / 1
Pinnularia viridiformis Krammer / 2 / 1
Pinnularia viridis (Nitzsch) Ehrenberg / 7
Placoneis constans (Hustedt) E.J.Cox / 1
Plagiogramma pulchellum var. pygmaeum (Greville Peragallo) / 1
Planothidium frequentissimum (Lange-Bertalot) Lange-Bertalot / 3 / 2 / 1 / 4 / 1
Planothidium lanceolatum (Brébisson ex Kützing) Lange-Bertalot / 4 / 4 / 2
Pseudostaurosira brevistriata (Grunow) D.M.Williams & Round / 3 / 7 / 1 / 7 / 56 / 5 / 1
Pseudostaurosira elliptica (Schumann) Edlund, Morales & Spaulding / 3 / 25 / 2
Reimeria sinuata (Gregory) Kociolek & Stoermer / 1 / 1 / 1 / 2 / 11 / 2
Rhoicosphenia abbreviata (Agardh) Lange-Bertalot / 1 / 1
Rhopalodia acuminata Krammer / 2 / 1 / 1
Rhopalodia rupestris (W. Smith) Krammer / 1
Rossithidium nodosum (Cleve) Aboal / 8 / 7
Sellaphora bacilloides (Hustedt) Z.Levkov, S.Krstic & T.Nakov / 3
Stauroneis acidoclinata Lange-Bertalot & Werum / 1
Stauroneis anceps Ehrenberg / 1
Stauroneis kriegeri Patrick / 1
Staurosira construens Ehrenberg / 1 / 1 / 1 / 4 / 9 / 4
Staurosira venter (Ehrenberg) Cleve & J.D.Möller / 1
Staurosirella martyi (Héribaud-Joseph) E.A.Morales & K.M.Manoylov / 1
Staurosirella pinnata (Ehrenberg) D.M.Williams & Round / 4 / 4 / 4 / 4 / 4
Staurosirella sp. / 1
Tabellaria flocculosa (Roth) Kützing / 2 / 1 / 4 / 5 / 12 / 1 / 1
Tabularia fasciculata (C.Agardh) D.M.Williams & Round / 4
Thalassiosira sp. / 7 / 1 / 4 / 4 / 15 / 40
Thalassiosira sp. 1 / 6 / 8 / 8
Thalassiosira sp. 2 / 2
Ulnaria acus (Kützing) M. Aboal / 2
Ulnaria ulna (Nitzsch) P.Compere / 3 / 1 / 3 / 7 / 6 / 1 / 3
Supplementary Table 4: Molecular data for the samples from core HC and from a modern wetland and beach
The table presents number of successful PCRs per sample, number of foraminiferal DNA sequences per MOTU in particular samples, as well as dominating type of environment (environ.) for each MOTU. The environments are named as: F - freshwater, B - brackish, B/M - brackish/marine and M - marine.
sample / HC1 / HC2 / HC3 / HC4 / HC5 / HC6 / HC7 / HC8 / HC9 / HC10 /No. of positive PCRs / 3 / 3 / 1 / 2 / 1 / 1 / 1 / 3 / 3 / 3
MOTU / environ.
1.Haynesina depressa / B / 0 / 0 / 29628 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0
2.Monothalamid Group 3 / F / 1107 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 427 / 0 / 0
3.Monothalamid Group 3 / F / 91228 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 68453 / 2050 / 4280
4.Undet ENV Clade Y / B/M / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 41347 / 27018
5.Epistominella sp. / M / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 30602 / 0 / 0 / 0
6.Undet ENV (HabKeys28) / B/M / 0 / 0 / 1399 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0
7.Monothalamid Group 4 / F / 109 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0
8.Ovammina sp. / M / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 1245 / 0
9.Tinogullmia sp. / M / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 189 / 1038
10.Undet ENV (Xeno 198.8) / M / 156 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0
11.Vellaria sp. / M / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 395 / 0
12.Undet monothalamid / M / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 14
13.Cylindrogullmia sp. / M / 0 / 16119 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 290 / 398
14.MonothalamidCladeY / M / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 972 / 1245
15.Nonion sp. / M / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 1475 / 1146
16.Undet monothalamid / B/M / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 183 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0
17.Undet rotaliid / M / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 151
18.Undet monothalamid / M / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 271 / 1165
19.Undet monothalamid / M / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 847
20.Undet monothalamid / M / 0 / 61 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0
21.Undet monothalamid / M / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 311 / 6857
22.Undet monothalamid / M / 0 / 0 / 78 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0
23.Undet monothalamid / M / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 8642 / 9978
24.Undet monothalamid / M / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 405 / 53
25.Undet miliolid / M / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 217 / 182