Anatomy Semester 1 Final Review

Ch. 1:

  1. Define Homeostasis. Know examples.
  2. List levels of organization starting with organelles.
  3. Know which organs occupy which cavities.
  4. Know which membranes visceral/parietal cover and line which cavities and their organs. (for example- thoracic: lines lungs, heart and abdomen)
  5. Know the Correct body position for being in Anatomical Position.
  6. Know locations (ie. Superior, inferior, distal, proximal, medial, lateral)
  7. Know the difference between Anatomy and Physiology.
  8. Know the axial and appendicular parts of the body.
  9. Know the body sections (i.e. Sagittal, frontal etc…)
  10. What are the vital signs?
  11. Know the 10 characteristics of life.
  12. What is metabolism?

Ch. 5

  1. Know the four basic body tissues.
  2. Know the location of the basement membrane.
  3. Know the location and function of all types of epithelial tissues
  4. What are tendons and ligaments made of?
  5. What part of the blood is a cellular fragment?
  6. What are the components of loose connective tissue?
  7. Why is cartilage slow to heal?
  8. What are bone cells arranged around?
  9. Which muscle tissue is voluntary?
  10. Where is the location of smooth muscle?
  11. What are the characteristics of nerve tissue?
  12. Carcinomas originate in which tissue type?
  13. What are the causes of wrinkling?
  14. Which cell types are least likely to reproduce?
  15. When cardiac tissue is damaged, which tissue type replaces it?

Ch. 6

1.In the dermis there are nerves associated with which parts?

2.What is the location of subcutaneous layer?

3.What is the tissue type of dermis?

4.What type of cells produces the hair shaft?

5.How is body heat conserved (think blood vessels)?

6.Serous membranes are found in which type of body cavities?

7.Why is the regulation of body temperature important?

8.What is the function of skin?

9.Where is the location of blood supply to the skin?

10.What is the function of the eccrine sweat glands?

11.Skin cancer develops where (tissue type)?

12.How can pressure ulcers be prevented? Where are they located?

13.What are the tissue types in the synovial membrane?

14.What is the function of melanocytes?

15.What does intradermal mean?

16.Acne involves which glands?

17.Which vitamin does the skin produce?

Ch. 7

1. List the steps in the formation of endochondral bone and intra-membranous bone.

  1. Define osteocyte, osteoclast.
  2. Define lacunae.
  3. Type of salt found in the matrix of bone
  4. Risk factors for osteoporosis
  5. Red marrow functions to form which parts blood?
  6. Osteoarthritis results in the softening of (which tissue)?
  7. How are joints examined (tool used)?
  8. Bone cancer is a result of an increase in activity of (which cell type)?

Ch. 8

  1. Function of the transverse tubules?
  2. Define sarcomere
  3. Two proteins in a myofibril
  4. Location of vesicles in neuromuscular junction
  5. Function of cholinesterase
  6. Function of creatine phosphate
  7. Define oxygen debt
  8. Cause of muscle cramps
  9. Define muscle tone
  10. Characteristics of multiunit smooth muscle
  11. Compare contract/relax of smooth to skeletal muscle
  12. Define motor unit
  13. Define recruitment
  14. Define all-or-none
  15. Botulism causes what to happen?
  16. What causes rigor mortis
  17. Define latent period
  18. Which activities produce slow, fatigue-resistant muscle fibers?
  19. Define atrophy

Ch. 9

1. What is the receptive surface on a neuron?

2. Masses of fibers with myelin, are what color?

3. Know the types and functions of the neuroglial cells.

4. Polarization: know the location of sodium and potassium.

5. Know the parts of a reflex arc

6. In the CNS what cell types produce myelin.

7. Cells that lack oxygen are called?

8. Drugs that decrease the membranes permeability to sodium are used for what purpose?

9. What happens during repolarization? (think sodium and potassium)

10. What is the function of the somatic nervous system?

11. What are the fluid-filled cavities within the brain called?

12. Know the general function of the spinal cord, medulla oblongata, cerebrum, & the cerebellum.

13. Which part of the brain stem contains the “vital”reflex centers?

14. Name the location of a subdural hematoma.

15. Know all the locations of the cerebrospinal fluid.

16. Know the name, location, & structure of the 3 layers of the meninges.

17. A mixed nerve contains which type of nerves.