Anatomy II Exam 1 Answers
Fill in the Blank
1. mediastinum
2. pericardium
3. serous
4. fibrous, parietal, visceral
5. visceral
6. fibrous
7. visceral, parietal
8. pericardial fluid
9. epicardium, myocardium, endocardium
10. myocardium
11. epicardium
12. endocardium
13. pectinate muscle
14. foramen ovale
15. fossa ovalis
16. right
17. trabeculae carneae
18. fibrous, endocardium
19. prevent backflow
20. right AV valve or tricuspid valve
21. left AV valve or bicuspid valve or mitral valve
22. right ventricle, pulmonary semilunar, pulmonary trunk
23. pulmonary vein
24. left atrium
25. left AV valve, left ventricle
26. aortic semilunar, aorta
27. brachiocephalic artery, left common carotid artery, left subclavian artery, right coronary artery, left coronary artery
28. superior/inferior vena cava, coronary sinus, right atrium
29. pulmonary circuit
30. systemic circuit
31. chordae tendinae
32. papillary muscle
33. systole
34. diastole
35. atrial systole
36. ventricular diastole
37. ventricular systole
38. atrial diastole
39. rapid ventricular filling
40. ductus arteriosus
41. ligamentum arteriosum
42. AV valves
43. semilunar valves
44. intercalated discs
45. gap junctions
46. Autonomic
47. sympathetic
48. parasympathetic
49. medulla
50. norepinephrine
51. acetylcholine
52. adrenaline or epinephrine
53. tunics, lumen
54. tunica interna
55. simple squamous epithelial tissue, elastic C.T.
56. tunica media
57. smooth muscle, elastic C.T.
58. tunica externa
59. dense C.T.
60. sympathetic division of Autonomic N.S.
61. Trick question. No Answer!
62. endothelium and basement lamina
63. fenestrae
64. pre-capillary sphincter muscles
65. arterioles
66. venules
67. flap-like valves, milking
68. systemic veins and venules
69. systemic capillaries
70. Sphygmomanometer
71. brachial artery
72. maximum
73. minimum
74. Korotkoff sounds
75. 5 liters
76. peripheral resistance, cardiac output
77. atherosclerosis
78. viscosity
79. Enter any triple-digit number
80. Diffusion and filtration
81. filtration
82. diffusion
83. arteriole side of capillary bed
84. along entire capillary bed
85. 40 mm Hg
86. 10 mm Hg
87. 25 mm Hg
88. 25 mm Hg
89. connective
90. 55%
91. water
92. plasma proteins, plasma nutrients, waste
93. albumins
94. alpha globulins and beta globulins
95. gamma globulins
96. fibrinogen
97. High-density lipoprotein
98. Low-density lipoprotein
99. filtration
100. hemocytoblast
101. in red bone marrow
102. erythrocytes
103. bi-concave
104. nucleus
105. never
106. hemoglobin
107. transport oxygen and carbon dioxide
108. anemia
109. hypoxia
110. amino acids, protein synthesis
112. thrombocytes
113. thrombus
114. embolus
115. diapedesis
116. neutrophils
117. granulocytes (also monocytes)
118. monocytes, lymphocytes
119. red bone marrow
120. red bone marrow and the lymphatic system.
121. introduction of a foreign antigen
122. glycoproteins
123. antigens, antibodies
124. missing
125. erythroblastosis fetalis
126. transport excess tissue fluid from interstitial spaces to blood stream , and to defend the body against disease
127. right lymphatic
128. thoracic
129. right subclavian vein
130. left subclavian vein
131. cervical, axillary, thoracic, abdominal, inguinal
132. milking, smooth muscle contraction
133. reticular C.T.
134. lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils, thymus gland
135. tonsils
136. lymph nodes
137. thymus gland
138. spleen
139. foreign antigen
140. infection.
141. mechanical barriers, phagocytosis, inflammation, fever
142. phagocytosis
143. inflammation
144. mechanical barrier
145. fever
146. specific immunity
147. in nasopharynx, at the base of the soft palate, at base of the tongue.
148. cervical region, thoracic region, axillary region, abdominal region, inguinal region.
149. within the mediastinum between the base of the heart and the sternum
150. left hypochondriac region below the diaphragm
151. helper T-cells, killer (cytotoxic) T-cells, suppressor T-cells, and memory T-cells
152. helper T-cells
153. suppressor T-cells
154. memory T-cells
155. killer T-cells
156. a treated antigen (vaccine)
157. memory cells
158. long lasting
159. antibodies
160. antibiotics (gamma globulins) or breast feeding
Short Answer
1. Complete- no mixing of oxygenated blood with deoxygenated blood.
Double Circuit- Blood is pumped separately to the lungs and to body tissues.
2. Aorta...Right and left coronary arteries...branch to myocardium capillaries for gas and nutrient exchange...Right(small) and left (great) cardiac veins...coronary sinus...right atrium.
Three half-moon cusps of fibrous C.T. covered by endocardium.
3. Three cusps formed from endothilium with little fibrous tissue between layers, with each free edge projected upward into the lumen of the vessel.
4. A slushing sound caused by incomplete closure of valves, usually AV valves
4. SA node...left and right atria...AV node...AV bundle...right and left bundle branches...Purkinje fibers...venticular myocardia.
5. P-wave- Atrial depolarization. P-Q Interval- Conduction time from beginning of atrial excitation to ventricular excitation QRS Complex- ventricular depolarization. S-T Segment- ventricular repolarization. T-Wave- ventricular repolarization.
7. It is masked by the QRS Complex.
8. Cardioregulatory center...spinal cord...thoracic region accelerator nerves...heart
9. Cardioinhibitory center...Vagus nerve (cranial nerve X)...SA node and AV node
10. Endothelium: To keep a smooth surface to prevent damage from blood cells. Connective tissue: To support, strengthen, and give elasticity to the blood vessel. Smooth muscle tissue: Controls vasodilation and vasoconstriction.
11. Vasodilation is caused by inhibiting the sympathetic division
12. Skeletal muscle, when moving, will squeeze veins and cause the blood to move in a direction back to the heart.
13. First tapping sound is systolic pressure. When the sound disappears, that is the diastolic pressure.
14. 4200 ml/minute
15. A globin: alpha and beta globulin proteins in 4 polypeptide chains forming a carbaminohemoglobin. 4 heme groups: iron plus oxygen forming an oxyhemoglobin.
16. 1. A break in the vessel wall appears. 2. Platelets clump together at the site of breakage, forming a platelet plug. 3. Damaged tissue and platelets release thromboplastin. 4. Prothrombin (which is a plasma protein produced in the liver) reacts with thromboplastin and calcium to produce thrombin, an enzyme. 5. Fibrinogen, also produced in the liver, reacts with the thrombin to produce fibrin.
17. B+B-, B-B-, B+O-, B-O-, and B-O+
18. Tissues...lymphatic capillaries...lymphatic vessels...2 main lymphatic ducts...subclavian veins
19. Lymphocyte stem cell in red bone marrow... carried by blood to lymphatic tissue...thymus, reacting with thymosin...T-cell
20. Lymphocyte stem cell in red bone marrow...carried by blood to lymphatic tissue...B-cell
21. B-cells activate when they encounter a foreign antigen. They clone into plasma cells and produce antibodies. Antibodies attack the foreign antigen, some Bcells then become memory B-cells.
22. A macrophage (monocyte) phagocytizes the antigen and presents it to T-cell receptors. T-cells with specific receptors react with the specific antigen. The T-cell is then activated, and it clones into four sub-cells. The four sub-cells then perform their specific function.