T-Grid / Term:
Writeageneraldefinitionof theterminyourownwords:
Drawawordfieldofthe term:
Illustratetheconcept ofthe termwithagraph:
Pictureillustrating the term:
(Printitoutandattachitto thisform;indicatesource, e.g.URL)
Provideahistoricincident wherethetermapplies:
Whichcharacteristicsdoall thesemanifestationsofthe termhaveincommon?
Yourpersonalquestionto
«history»asregardsthis term:
M-Grid
Name: /  Photo / Title: / Author(artist/photogra- pher/singer/composer):
 Picture
 Cartoon / Date:
 Film/Clip
 Song / Source (URL,etc.):
 ………
Whatisit(allabout)? (objectivedescription)
WhatdoIknowaboutthe author?
Whatisitlike? (subjectiveimpression)
WhatdoIknowabouttime andplaceofproduction?
Whoissupposedtosee/hear it?(audience)
Whatistheaudience supposedtomakeofit? (message)
Whatistheeffectonme?
WhatdoIlikeaboutit?
WhatdoIdislikeaboutit?
HowwouldIimprovethe artifact?
WhatdidIlearnaboutthe historyoftheartifactorcir- cumstancesofitscreation?
HowwouldItitletheartifact ifIweretheauthor?
HowwouldIcaptionthe artifact?
DoIknowofanyother similarartifacts?
IfIhadtocreateanartifactaboutthesametopicwhat wouldbedifferent?
Whatquestions(tothe author) doIhave?
Which othersimilarartifactwouldIliketojuxtaposeto theoneinquestionandwhy? (attachartifacttothisgrid)

AnalyzingPrimarySources

Titleofdocument:

Identify / • Whichtypeofprimarysourceisit([personal]diary, letter,[official]law,treaty,newspaperarticle,etc.)?
• Whowrotethetext?
• Whatdoyouknowabouttheauthor,whatwashisor herroleinthesubjectmatterpresented?
• Whendidtheauthorwriteit?
• Wherewasitpublished?
• Doyouknowanythingaboutthemedium(newspaper, magazine,etc.)itwaspublishedin?
• Whowasitwrittenfor?
• Whatdoyouknowabout theaddressee?
Describe / • Whatisthetextallabout?
• Whatare themainpoints,ideas,argumentsof the authorofthetext?
Explain / • Whatarethekeywordsinthetext andwhatdothey mean?
• Whichevents/datesarereferred toandtowhat
extentaretheyconnectedtothesubject matter ofthe document?
• Inwhichsituationdidthedocumentplayarole?
• Whatwasthepurposeorintentionofthetext?
• Whateffectdidithave?
Evaluate / • Isthesource reliable?
• Doestheauthorhaveaone-sidedviewof people, ideas orevents?Ifyes,explainwhy.
• Doesheorsheleave outsomefacts?
• Arethese «blindspots»intentionaloraresomefacts overlookedbymistakeor becausethepersondoes notknowbetter?
• Whichargumentsdo(can)youapproveof andwhich argumentsdoyoudisapproveof andwhy?
• What–historicallyspeaking–doyoulearnfromthe text?
• Haveyougot(a)question(s)to theauthorthatis/are leftunansweredbythedocument,ifyes,whichques- tion(s)?
Usefullanguage / Thesource…
…waspublishedin…
…relatestothesubjectof… Theauthor
…arguesfirstly…,secondly…,finally/intheendhe/
she…
…stressesthat…notonly..butalso..
…claims/justifiesthat…
…isconvincedthat…
…continuesbysaying…
…wantstopersuadetheaudiencethat/to…
Ontheonehandtheauthor…ontheotherhandhe/
she…
Referringto…theauthorwants(us)to … Atthetimethetextwaswritten…
Allinall…/Tosumup…

AnalyzingHistoricalPhotographs

Titleofphotograph:

Identify / • Whattypeofphotographisit(documentary,snapshot, stagedphotograph)?
• Whotookthephotograph?
• Whatdoyouknowabout thephotographer?
• Whenwasthephotographtaken?
• Wherewasittaken?
• Wasit/Mightithavebeenacommissionedphoto- graph,ifyes,bywhom?
Describe / • Whatexactlycanyouseeonthephotograph?
• Whichhistoricaleventdoesthephotographdepict andwhatdoyouknowabout it?
• Areanyfamouspeopledepicted,ifyes,whatdoyou knowaboutthem?
• Whatstrikesyoumostabout thephotograph?
• Whatimpressionisgivenbythephotograph–whatis themoodof it?
Explain / • Inwhichhistoricalcontextwasthephotographtaken?
• Whatwasthepurposeorintentionoftakingthe photo?Whichmessagedid thephotographerwantto getacross?
• Whywasitchosentobepublishedandforwhom?
• Whicheffectdidithave/mightithavehad?
• Didyoufindoutabout anychangesmadeto theorigi- nalexposure (cropping[Zurechtschneiden],retou- ching)andwhythesechangesmighthavebeenmade?
Evaluate / • Whatkindofinformationcanweextractfromthe photo?
• Istheinformationwegetfromthephotograph reliable?Dowegetarealisticpictureof whatwas happening,ifnot,why?
• Doestheeffectof thephotographonthepeople todaydifferfromtheeffectitmight havehadonthe peoplewhenitwastaken?
• What–historicallyspeaking–doyoulearnfromthe photograph?
• Canyouthinkofacaptionyoucouldputunderneath thephotograph?
• Studyingthephotograph;dosimilarhistoricalpho- tographscometo mind,ifyes,whichphotographs? (Attach aprintouttothisquestionnaire!)
• Haveyougot(a)question(s)tothephotographerafter lookingatthephotograph,ifyes,whichquestion(s)?
Usefullanguage / Thephotograph
…wastakenby…
…isoutoffocus/blurred
…relatestothesubjectof…
Onthephotographwecansee…(peopledo/doing things)
Accordingtosourcesthephotograph…
Today’saudiencewouldreactdifferently/inthesame waytothephotographbecause… / inthetop inthetop left-handcorner right-handcorner
topleft inthebackgroundtopright attheveryedge inthecentreof ontheleft ontheright frontleft intheforegroundfrontright inthebottom inthebottom
left-handcorner right-handcorner

AnalyzingHistoricalPaintings

Titleofpainting:

Identify / • Whopaintedthepicture?
• Whatdoyouknowabout thepainter?
• Whenwasthepicturepainted?
• Wherewasitpainted?
• Inwhichhistoricalcontextwasthepicturepainted?
• Wasitcommissioned,ifyes,bywhom?
Describe / • Whatexactly can youseeinthepicture?
• Whichhistoricaleventisdepictedinthepictureand whatdoyouknowaboutit?
• Areanyfamouspeopledepicted,ifyes,whatdoyou knowaboutthem?
• Whichsymbols(coats of arms,flags,etc.)canyou seeinthepictureandwhatistheirsignificance?
• Whatstrikesyoumostabout thepicture?
• Whatimpressionisgivenbythepicture–whatisthe moodof it?
Evaluate / • Whatkindofinformationcanweextractfromthepic- ture?
• Doesthepictureglorify/venerateaperson/ascene,if yes,inhowfar?
• What–historicallyspeaking–doyoulearnfromthe picture?
• Studyingthepicture;dosimilarhistoricalpictures cometo mind,ifyes,whichpictures?(Attachaprin- touttothisquestionnaire!)
• Haveyougot(a)question(s)to thepainterafterloo- kingatthepicture,ifyes,whichquestion(s)?
Usefullanguage / Thepicture
…waspaintedby…
…relatestothesubjectof…
…wascropped(beschneiden)/retouchedto…
Inthepicture, wecansee…(peopledo/doingthings) Themainfocusof attentionis…
Accordingtosourcesthepicture… Thepainter
…wantsto maketheviewerbelievethat…
…achievesthisby/with… / inthetop inthetop left-handcorner right-handcorner
topleft inthebackgroundtopright attheveryedge inthecentreof ontheleft ontheright frontleft intheforegroundfrontright inthebottom inthebottom
left-handcorner right-handcorner

AnalyzingPoliticalCartoons

Titleofcartoon:

Identify / • Whodrewthecartoon?
• Whatdoyouknowabout theartist?
• Whenwasthecartoon published?
• Wherewasitpublished?
• Doyouknowanythingaboutthemedium(news- paper,magazine,etc.)itwaspublishedin?
• Whoaretheaddressees?
Describe / • Whatexactly can youseeinthecartoon?
• Whichhistoricalsceneiscapturedinthecartoon?
• Areanyfamouspeopledepicted,ifyes,whatdo youknowabout them?
• Whichsymbols,dates,slogans,etc.,canyouseein thecartoon andwhatistheirsignificance?
• Doestheartistcomparethesituationor eventto anotherhistorical,fictionaloreverydaysituation orevent?Whichsituationsdoesthecartooncom- pare?Whichparallelsdoesitdraw?
Explain / • Whatisthe«catchline»(essence,satire) of thecar- toon,whoorwhatisbeingcriticized,whoorwhat
isbeingmadefunof?
• Inwhichwaydoesthecaption,ifthereisone,con- tributetothe«catchline»?
• Whichparticularpointofviewdoestheartisthold?
• Onwhosesideistheartist?
• Whatwasthepurposeorintentionofdrawingthe cartoon–whichmessagedid theartistwanttoget across?
Evaluate / • Whichnewaspectsoftherespectivehistorical eventdoesthecartoonrevealtoyou?
• Whatisexaggeratedandhow?
• Canyouaddacaptiontothecartoonorspeech bubbles,or,ifalreadyinthecartoon,suggestalter- natives?
• Studyingthecartoon;dosimilarhistoricalcartoons cometo yourmind,ifyes,whichcartoons?(Attach aprintouttothisquestionnaire!)
• Doyouagreewiththecartoonist’smessage,ifyes, why,ifno,whynot?
• Haveyougot(a)question(s)to theartistafter lookingatthecartoon,ifyes,whichquestion(s)?
Usefullanguage / Thecartoon
…wasdrawnby…
…publishedin…
…relatestothesubjectof… Thecharacter(s)
…represent(s)/stand(s)for/symbolize(s)…
…is/areportrayedfavourably/unfavourably/asbeing
…
Inthecartoon,wecansee…(peopledo/doing things)
Themainfocusof attentionis… / inthetop inthetop left-handcorner right-handcorner
topleft inthebackgroundtopright attheveryedge inthecentreof ontheleft ontheright frontleft intheforegroundfrontright inthebottom inthebottom
left-handcorner right-handcorner

AnalyzingPoliticalPosters

Maincaptionofposter:

Identify / • Whatisthegeneraltopicoftheposter,orwhich political/socialissuedoesitaddress,onwhat occasionwastheposterpublished?
• Whenwastheposterpublished?
• Wherewasitpublished?
• Whocommissionedtheposter?
• Whoaretheaddressees?
Describe / • Whatexactlycanyouseeontheposter?
• Whichaspectscatchtheeyefirst?
• Whichaspectshavesymbolicorstereotypicalchar- acter?
• Areanyfamouspeopledepicted,ifyes,whatdo youknowabout them?
• Whichsymbols,dates,slogans,etc.,canyouseein theposterandwhatistheirsignificance?
• Whatimpressionisgivenbytheposter –whatis themoodof it?
Explain / • Whatisthe«catchline»(essence,satire) of the poster,whoorwhatisbeingcriticized,whoorwhat isbeingmadefunof?
• Whatwasthepurposeorintentionoftheposter (e.g.toinform,tomakepeopledosomething[and why],to appealto emotions,to shock,to glorify)?
Evaluate / • Whichnewaspectsoftherespectivehistorical eventdoestheposter reveal to you?
• Canyouaddadditionalcaptionstotheonesalready ontheposterorcan youchangethem?
• Studyingtheposter;dosimilarhistoricalposters cometo mind,ifyes,whichposters?(Attacha printout tothisquestionnaire!)
• Haveyougot(a)question(s)to theartistafter lookingattheposter,ifyes,whichquestion(s)?
• Howdoyouassesstheposter fromapresent-day pointofview?
Usefullanguage / Theposter
…refersto/criticizes/attacksthecontemporaryissues of…
…takes asupportive/critical/aggressive/satirical/ridi- culingattitudetowards…
…portrays…asscapegoatsfor…
…appealstovoters’ fearsof/pridein/hopefor… Thecharacters
…standfor/symbolize/ridicule/aredistortedcarica- turesof…
Thetext
…supports/stresses/illustrates/addsto/contrastswith
…themessageofthepictures. Thecharacter(s)
…represent(s)/stand(s)for/symbolize(s)…
…is/areportrayedfavourably/unfavourably/as being…
Tothemoderneye,theposterseemsoutdated/extre- melyradical/timeless/astonishinglyrelevant… / inthetop inthetop left-handcorner right-handcorner
topleft inthebackground topright
attheveryedge inthecentreof
ontheleft ontheright frontleft intheforeground frontright inthebottom inthebottom
left-handcorner right-handcorner

Analyzing Maps

Titleofmap(s):

Identify / • Whatkind(s)ofmap(s)isit/arethey(historic,modern)?
• Whenwasit/weretheypublished?
• Inwhichhistoricalcontextwas/werethemap(s)made?
• Whoweretheaddressees?
Describe / • Whatexactlycanyouseeonthemaps(s),whichparts aredepictedhowandwhatdotheyrepresent?
• Whatdoes/dothemap(s)show,whatpoint(s)orperiod(s)
oftimeis/aredescribed,whichinformationisgiven?
• Whatisstriking aboutthe(two)map(s)?
• Whencomparingtwomaps
• Ifareasareidentical:whatisthetimedifferencebet- weenthetwosituationsor momentsdescribed,which changesdothemapsshow?
• Ifareas are different:whatdothetwomapshavein common?
Explain / • Whichinformationdoyouhaveinordertoputtheinfor- mationonthemap(s)intoperspective?
• Whatwerethecausesfor theeffectsshownonthe map(s)?
Evaluate / • Whichnewaspectsoftherespectivehistoricalevent does/dothemap(s)revealtoyou?
• Canyoufindanypotentialofhistorical changeorconflict onthemap(s)andwhatmighttheoutcomebelike?
• Whichinformationismissingonthemap(s)?
Usefullanguage / Themap
…focuseson/coverstheperiodoftimefrom…to…
…showswhichcountriesmadeupthe(empireof …)
…showswhowasalliedwithwhom…
…shows/illustratestheborders…
…showsthat…gained/lostterritory…itsindependence
…shows thesphereofinterest…
…isbiasedbecause…
Thearea/regionof..isshowntobepartof/underthecon- trolof/tobelongto ..
Atthattime…waspartof…
Wecan seethat…wasdividedupbetween… Atfirst…adecade/centurylater…
At thebeginning/inthemiddle/attheendofthe…cen- tury…
Inthecourseoftime/thecentury …
Thesimilarity/differencebetweenthetwomapsis…
Youcanseethechangeswhich tookplacefrom…until/
to…
Thechangesshow/highlight/describe…
Thereisno/onlylittleinformationabout…ontheother hand…
Theterritory/area
…markedwithhorizontal/vertical/diagonalstripes…

…markedwithsquares/thecriss-crosspattern/strokes…

…thatis(violet)shaded/in(blue)shadinglines… / mostnorthern/northernmost inthenorth
inthenorth-westinthenorth-east
northof(SwitzerlandisGermany)
inthewestintheeast
southof(SwitzerlandisItaly)
inthesouth-westinthesouth-east inthesouth
mostsouthern/southernmost

AnalyzingStatistics

Titleofchart:

AnalyzingMonuments

Nameofmonument:

Identify / • Whenwasthemonumenterected?
• Wherewasiterected?
• Whowasthesculptor/architectandwhatishis/herbackground?
• Inwhichhistoricalcontextwasthemonumenterected?
• Wasthe monumentcommissioned,ifyes,bywhom?
Describe / • Whatexactlydoesthemonumentlooklike?
• Which(historical)scene–ifany–iscaptured?
• Whichfigures andobjects areshown?
• Doyourecognizeanyofthedepictedfigures(historicalorallego- ries),ifyes,whatdoyouknowaboutthemorwhatdotheystand for?
• Whichinscriptions/datesareonthe monument,whatdotheymean, and–iftheyarequotes–wherearetheytakenfrom?
• Whichsymbols(coats ofarms,flags,etc.)canyouseeonthemonu- mentandwhatistheirsignificance?
• Whatstrikesyoumostaboutthemonument?
Explain / • Towhatextentisthelocationofthemonumentimportant/symbolic?
• Whatwasthe purposeorintentionoferectingthe monument,which messagedid the monumentmakerswanttoget across?
• Whatdoyouknowaboutthegenesis[Entstehungsgeschichte]ofthe monument?
• Doyouknowofanyreactiontoitserectionatthetime?
Evaluate / • Doesthemonumentglorify/venerateaperson/ascene,ifyes,to whatextent?
• Studyingthe monument;dosimilarmonumentscome tomind,ifyes, whichones?(Attachaprintouttothisquestionnaire!)
• Ifyouweretocreateanewmonumentaboutthesameperson/event today,whatwoulditlooklike(drawasketchoverleaf)?
• Haveyougot(a)question(s)tothesculptorafterlooking atthe monument,ifyes,whichquestion(s)?
Usefullanguage / Themonument
…wassculpturedby…
…waserected…
…wascommissionedby… Theopeningtookplaceon…
Therewere(mixed)reactionstothe monument…

AnalyzingHistoric(al)Songs

Titleofsong:

Identify / • Whoisthesinger?
• Whatdoyouknowaboutthesinger?
• Whowrotethelyrics?
• Whocomposedthemusic?
• Whenwasthesongcomposed?
• Whenandwherewasthesongrecorded?
• Arethereanyhistoricperformancesofthesong(concerts,festivals), ifyes,whenandwhere?
• Whatisthehistoricalcontextofthesong?
• Doyouknowanythingaboutthehistoryofthesong?
• Incaseofahistoricsong:Are thereanymoderncoverversionsof the song,ifyes,bywhom?
Describe / • Whatisthesongallabout?Whichpeople,placesandeventsare mentioned?
• Whichhistoriceventsaredepicted,whichdatesarementionedin thesongandwhatdoyouknowaboutthem?
• Are anyfamouspeopledepicted,ifyes,whatdoyouknowabout them?
• Whatstrikesyoumostaboutthesong?
• Whatisthemoodofthesonglike?
Evaluate / • Whichnewaspectsoftherespectivehistoriceventdoesthesong revealtoyou?
• Doesthe songglorify/venerateaperson/ascene,ifyes,towhatextent?
• Doesthe songhaveanyunderlyingmessagesaboutthe historic event?Ifso,what?
• Listeningtothesong;dosimilarhistoricalsongscometomind,ifyes, whichsongs?(Attachaprintoutofthelyricstothisquestionnaire!)
• Haveyougot(a)question(s)tothesinger afterlisteningtothesong, ifyes,whichquestion(s)?
Usefullanguage / Thesong
…tellsthestory…
…wasperformedinfrontof… Themusic
…emphasizes…
…supports…
Themainfocusofattentionis… Accordingtothelyricsofthesong… Thesinger
…wantstomakethelistenerbelieve that…
…achievesthisby/with…

AnalyzingHistoric(al)Films

Titleoffilm:

Identify / • Whoisthedirector?
• Whatdoyouknowaboutthedirector(otherfilms?)?
• Whenwasthefilmmade?
• Doyouknowanythingaboutthehistoryofthemakingofthefilm orany otherbackgroundinformation(historicalcontext,shootinglocation, casting[alternativecast],etc.)?
Describe / • Whatisthefilm allabout?Whichhistoricfigures,placesandeventsor timeperiodsaredealtwith?
• Whatdoyouknowaboutthesepeople,placesandeventsortime periods?
• What,inshort,istheplot ofthefilm?
• Towhatextentdoes thefilmdeviatefromtherealhistoricsetting,what isfactandwhatisfiction?
• Whatstrikesyoumostaboutthefilm?
Evaluate / • Whichnewaspectsoftherespectivehistoriceventdoesthefilm revealtoyou?
• Inyouropinion,whatuseisthefilminshowingorexplainingthe respectivehistoricevent,figureortimeperiod?Explainspecificparts that supportyouropinion.
• Doesthefilm depictthehistoriceventortimeperiod accurately?If
so,how(e.g.costumes,scenes,props,manners,etc.).Or:Doyousee anythinginthefilmthat youthinkisinaccurateoruntrue?Why?
• Doesthe filmhaveanyunderlyingmessagesaboutthe historicevent?
Ifso,what?Whatisthefilmmakertryingtoprove?
• Whichtechniquesare employedtopersuadetheaudienceofthefilm- maker’spointofview(camerafieldsizes,movementsandangles, music,characterportrayal,etc.)?
• Watchingthefilm;dosimilarfilmscometomind,ifyes,whichfilms?
• Haveyougot(a)question(s)tothedirectorafterwatchingthefilm,if yes,whichquestion(s)?
Usefullanguage / CameraoperationsFieldsize[Bildausschnitt/ Bildgrösse]
* / Cameramovements
• staticshot:cameradoesnotmove
• topanleft/right:horizontal schwenken
• totiltup/down:vertikalschwenken
• craneshot:cameramovesflexibly inall directionsonacrane
• tozoominon/awayfrom
• trackingshot:cameraisona vehiclemovingontheground
Cameraangles
• highangleshot:fromabove
• eye-levelshot
• low-angleshot:frombelow

AnalyzingPoliticalSpeeches

Titleofspeech:

Speaker: Time: Place: Audience:

Howtogoaboutthe speech

• Ifpossible,firstlistentothespeech.

• Takenotesofwhatyouunderstand.

• Afterlistening,trytoanswerasmanyquestionsofthequestionnairebelowasaccuratelyas possible.

• Readthespeechtext.

• Trytostructurethespeechbydrawinglinesinthetext:

• introduction;

• analysisoftheproblem(s)orconflict(s);

• argumentation;

• climax;

• conclusion.

• Trytolocatefiguresofspeechinthetextandunderlinetheminthesamecolour.

• pathos;

• antiquatedlanguage;

• metaphors;

• alliterations(repetitiveuseofthesamesoundsorofthesamekindsofsoundsatthebegin- ningofsubsequentwords);

• chiasmus(words orideasrepeatedinreverseorder);

• antithesis(useofcontrastingwordsorideas);

• anaphora(repetitionofthesamewordorphraseatthebeginningofsuccessiveclauses);

• anastrophe(departurefromnormalwordorderforthesakeofemphasis);

• listing(redundantlyenumeratingsimilarideastomakeapoint);

• repetition;

• quotations(e.g.fromtheBible,otherclassicspeeches,etc.).

• Revisethequestionnaire-answersgivenafteronlylisteningtothespeech.

• Frametheparagraphthatstrikesyoumost.

• Preparetheparagraphforreading.

• Readtheparagraphtoafellowstudent.

• Explaintohim/herwhyyouhavechosenthisparagraph.

Howtogoaboutthespeech
Describe / • Whatisthespeechallabout?
• Whatare themainpoints,ideas, argumentsofthespeaker?
Explain / • Whichhistoricsituationleduptotheeventof thespeech?
• Whichhistoricincidentsortermsarereferred tointhespeechandwhataretheyall about
orwhatdotheymean?
• Whatwasthepurposeorintentionofthe speech,whatisitsmessage,whatdoesthe speakertry toaccomplish?
• Whateffectdidithave(immediatelyinthe audienceandinthelongrun)?
Evaluate / • Whatarethekeysentencesinthespeech andwhatdotheyexactly mean?
• Whatisthetoneofthespeech,andhowisit created?
• Towhatextentdoes thespeakeruserheto- ricalfiguresandwhatistheeffectofthem?
• Haveyougot(a)question(s)tothespeaker afterlisteningtohis/herspeech?
Usefullanguage / Thespeech
…wasmade/held/delivered…
…relatestothesubject/topic/problemof… Thespeechisdividedupinto …/madeupof… Thespeaker
…arguesfirstly…,secondly…,finally/inthe endhe/she…
…stressesthat …notonly..butalso..
…claims/justifiesthat…
…isconvincedthat…
…continuesbysaying…
…wantstopersuadetheaudiencethat/to…
…applies/uses…inorderto/sothat…
Ontheonehandthespeaker…ontheother handhe/she…
Referringto…thespeakerwants(us)to… Theaimistoconvincetheaudiencethat… His/Herlanguage/bodylanguage/gesturesis/ arecharacterizedby…
Theaudience
…wasmadeupof
Ifyouwatch/listentoarecording,youcan see/
hear…
Allinall…/Tosumup… / Figuresofspeech;examplesfrom
Churchillspeeches:
Alliteration
Wewantnoparlaywithyouandyour grislygangwhoworkyourwicked will.
Chiasm
Nowthis isnottheend.Itisnoteven thebeginningoftheend.Butitis,per- haps,the endofthe beginning. Anaphora
Weshallnot flagorfail.Weshallgo
ontothe end.WeshallfightinFrance, weshallfightontheseasandoceans, weshallfightwithgrowingconfi- denceandgrowingstrengthintheair, weshalldefendourisland, whatever the costmaybe,weshallfightonthe beaches,weshallfightonthe landing grounds,weshallfightinthe fields
andinthe streets,weshallfightinthe hills.Weshallneversurrender.
Anastropheandantithesis
Neverinthefieldofhumanconflict wassomuchowedbysomanytoso few.