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ORGANIZATION OF AMERICAN STATES (OAS)
INTER-AMERICAN DEFENSE BOARD (IADB)
SUB-SECRETARIAT FOR ADVISORY SERVICES
ANALYSIS OF IMPLEMENTATION OF CONFIDENCE- AND SECURITY- BUILDING MEASURES IN THE REGION
(UNIFICATION OF CSBMS)
November 14, 2006
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ANALYSIS OF IMPLEMENTATION OF CONFIDENCE- AND SECURITY- BUILDING MEASURES IN THE REGION
CONSIDERING: the importance of confidence- and security-building measures (CSBMs) for strengthening peace in the hemisphere and improving relations among states;
CONSIDERING: that there are three OAS documents/declarations, none of which excludes or cancels the other:
- OEA/Ser.K/XXIX.2, CONSEGRE/doc.18/95 rev.3, of November 28, 1995, known as THE DECLARATION OF SANTIAGO, (Annex A);
- OEA/Ser.K/XXIX.2, CONSEGRE.II/doc.7/98 rev. 3, of April 7, 1998, known as THE DECLARATION OF SAN SALVADOR, (Annex B);
- OEA/Ser.K/XXIX, RESEGRE/doc.6/03 rev. 3, of February 11, 2003, MEETING OF EXPERTS ON CONFIDENCE AND SECURITY BUILDING MEASURES, known as THE CONSENSUS OF MIAMI (Annex C);
CONSIDERING that each member state of the OAS, in reporting on CSBMs, may refer to any of the documents indicated above;
CONSIDERING that the Consensus of Miami is the broadest and most recent document, and that most of the CSBMs reported in previous Declarations are included;
CONSIDERING that the Inter-American Defense Board (IADB), through resolution AG/RES. 2113 (XXXV-O/05), was given the mandate to maintain an up-to-date inventory of CSBMs, based on the reports submitted by member countries of the OAS;
CONSIDERING that it is desirable to unify existing CSBMs in a single document, so that member states may work with a single list, and that this will permit the IADB to update the inventory more effectively and to draw conclusions using the same information model,
To this end, the SSA has prepared the following analysis and suggestions:
Table of contents:
A.Introduction
B.Analysis
I.Comparative table: Measures from the Declaration of Santiago (Annex A) and the Declaration of San Salvador (Annex B) that are included among those adopted in the Consensus of Miami (Annex C).
II.Comparative table: Measures from the Declaration of Santiago (Annex A) and the Declaration of San Salvador (Annex B) that are partially included among those adopted in the Consensus of Miami (Annex C).
III.Comparative table: Measures from the Declaration of Santiago (Annex A) and the Declaration of San Salvador (Annex B) that are not included among those adopted in the Consensus of Miami (Annex C).
IV.Analysis of CSBMs from the Declaration of Santiago (1995) and the Declaration of San Salvador (1998) that are partially included in the Consensus of Miami.
V.Analysis of Measures from the Declaration of San Salvador (1998) and the Declaration of Santiago (1995) that were not considered in the Consensus of Miami.
C.Recommendations
On the CSBMs that were not considered or were only partially considered.
A. INTRODUCTION
Consistent with the procedure applied in updating the inventory of CSBMs, and for purposes of identifying CSBMs, the following coding has been used to identify the document in which each measure originates:
“S”: DECLARATION OF SANTIAGO
“L”: DECLARATION OF SAN SALVADOR
“M”: CONSENSUS OF MIAMI
With respect to each individual measure used and detailed in the documents mentioned above, in addition to indicating it with the letter of the document to which it belongs, it has been identified according to the order given it in the document, with the letters a, b, or c (for example Sa, Lg). In the case of the Consensus of Miami, the number of the field to which it belongs has also been added (e.g. III: Military Measures), the letter within the field (C) and the number of the measure, if any (1), resulting for example in the following symbol: M-III-C-1.
From the updated inventory of CSBMs applied during the year 2005, the following distribution by Convention/Consensus can be observed:
Of the total of 1556 measures reported as applied by member States in 2005, only 418 were not classified in the Consensus of Miami.
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B. ANALYSIS
Following is an analysis of the CSBMs from the Declaration of Santiago and the Declaration of San Salvador, distributed among the three groups:
- Measures from the Declaration of Santiago and the Declaration of San Salvador that are wholly included among those adopted in the Consensus of Miami.
- Measures from the Declaration of Santiago and the Declaration of San Salvador that are partially included among those adopted in the Consensus of Miami.
- Measures from the Declaration of Santiago and the Declaration of San Salvador that are not included among those adopted in the Consensus of Miami.
I.Comparative Table of Measures from the Declaration of Santiago (Annex A) and the Declaration of San Salvador (Annex B) that are wholly included within those adopted in the Consensus of Miami (Annex C).
Measures from the Declaratións of Santiago andSan Salvador / 2005 / Measures from the Consensus of MiamiSb - Exchange of information and participation of all member states in the United Nations Register of Conventional Arms and the Standardized International Reporting of Military Expenditures. / 3 / M-III-B-3 - Exchange of information on military budgets.
M-III-B-6 - More active participation in the United Nations Register of Conventional Weapons and the UN instrument for standardized international presentation of reports of military expenditures.
Sd - Consideration of a consultation process with a view to proceeding towards limitation and control of conventional weapons. / 0 / M-III-B-6 - More active participation in the United Nations Register of Conventional Weapons and the UN instrument for standardized international presentation of reports of military expenditures.
Se - Agreements on invitation of observers to military exercises, visits to military installations, arrangements for observing routine operations and exchange of civilian and military personnel for regular and advanced training. / 200 / M-II-12 – Organize and participate in sporting competitions and exchanges among security and law-enforcement services at both the regional and international levels.
M-III-A-4 – Invitations to armed forces of neighboring countries to send observers to maneuvers and troop exercises carried out in areas near the respective borders.
M-III-B-2 – Periodic meetings of the general staffs of the armed forces.
M-III-C-1 – Personnel exchange visits to military units and institutes.
M-III-E-2 - Sharing of experiences on: armed forces; peacekeeping operations; analysis of specific problems of mutual interest.
M-III-F-Confidence- and Security-Building Measures relating to training and education.
Sf - Meetings and activities to prevent incidents and increase security for transport by land, sea, and air. / 5 / M-III-A-3 – Meetings of naval and air officials to deal with navigation issues
M -IV – Other Measures - Transportation security.
Sg - Cooperation programs in the event of natural disasters or to prevent such disasters, based on the request and authorization of the affected states. / 29 / M-I-10 – Strengthening of regional cooperation programs to respond to natural disasters, in coordination with existing organizations.
M-I-13 – Increase in cooperation on environmental issues.
M-IV – Other Measures - Mitigation of, and response to, natural disasters
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Sh - Development and establishment of communications among civilian or military authorities of neighboring countries in accordance with their border situation. / 79 / M-I-6 – Promotion of courses and seminars on human rights and international humanitarian law as applied to the missions and activities of military and security forces.
M-I-11 – Promotion of joint development and infrastructure integration projects, particularly in border areas.
M-III-A-1 – Advance notification of any planned military ground, air, or naval maneuver, deployment, or exercise in border areas regarding the number of troops, location in terms of borders, and the nature and quantity of equipment.
M-III-A-2 - Periodic communications between border forces in order to coordinate activities undertaken by all organs at the border.
M-III-A-5 – Establishment of mutual confidence and security zones in border areas.
Sk - Education Programs of education for peace. / 11 / M-II-1 – Incorporation in school curricula and textbooks of concepts to promote democratic values and lay the foundations for developing a culture of peace and the rejection of violence.
M-II-3 – Development of regional and international support for educational and cultural studies on peace and development.
M-II-7 - Implementation of the program Education for Peace in the Hemisphere, adopted by the OAS Permanent Council through resolution CP/RES. 769/00, especially with respect to the promotion of peace among states.
La - Encourage contact and cooperation among legislators on confidence-building measures and on matters of peace and hemispheric security, including conferences, the exchange of visits, and a meeting of parliamentarians, in order to strengthen this process. / 1 / M-I-3 – Political initiatives, especially in the areas of security and defense, that demonstrate the purpose of promoting peace, inter-American security, and cooperation in its multiple facets.
M-I-5 - Promotion of legislative contacts for discussion of security questions.
Lb - Extend to diplomatic training institutes, military academies, research centers, and universities the seminars, courses, and studies envisioned in the Declarations of Santiago and San Salvador on confidence- and security-building measures, disarmament, and other issues related to peace and hemispheric security, with participation in those activities by government, civilian, and military officials and by civil society / 1 / M-II-1 - Incorporation in school curricula and textbooks of concepts to promote democratic values and lay the foundations for developing a culture of peace and the rejection of violence.
M-II-2 - Promotion of studies on disarmament, security, and development, as well as studies on the prevention and peaceful resolution of conflicts. Promotion of studies on factors which contribute to terrorism.
M-II-3 - Development of regional and international support for educational and cultural studies on peace and development.
M-II-4 - Promotion of joint studies and research with professional groups from other countries on topics related to security and defense.
M-II-7 - Implementation of the program Education for Peace in the Hemisphere, adopted by the OAS Permanent Council through resolution CP/RES. 769/00, especially with respect to the promotion of peace among states.
M-II-8 - Introduction of courses in foreign service institutes on disarmament, arms limitation, and related topics.
M-II-9 - The holding of academic seminars with the participation of diplomats and military officers on various topics under the broad umbrella of security.
M-III-F-1 - Exchange of military personnel of various ranks on diverse subjects, such as: survival training; confidence- and security-building measures training; general staff and higher-level courses; military training and refresher courses; exchange of basic information on confidence- and security building measures; exchange of cadets, students, and advisers; human rights and international humanitarian law..
Lc - Identify and carry out activities promoting cooperation among neighboring countries along their border regions. / 3 / M-I-6 – Promotion of high-level bilateral meetings, especially between border countries, to address topics linked to conventional security, consideration of which is essential to strengthening and consolidating mutual confidence.
M-I-11 – Promotion of joint development and infrastructure integration projects, particularly in border areas.
M-III-A-4 - Invitations to armed forces of neighboring countries to send observers to maneuvers and troop exercises carried out in areas near the respective borders
M-III-A-5 - Establishment of mutual confidence and security zones in border areas, adapting the number and strength of military units and detachments to the security and development needs of each country.
Lf - Develop a cooperation program to address the concerns raised by maritime transport of nuclear and other waste, and to cooperate and coordinate in the relevant international fora to strengthen standards governing such transport and its safety. / 0 / M-IV – Other Measures – Transportation security.
Lh - Improve and broaden the information submitted by the member states to the United Nations Register of Conventional Arms, so as to enhance the Hemisphere's contribution to pursuing the aims of that register, in compliance with the relevant resolutions of the UN General Assembly / 0 / M-III-B-6 - More active participation in the United Nations Register of Conventional Weapons and the UN instrument for standardized international presentation of reports of military expenditures.
Li - Continue consultations and the exchange of ideas within the Hemisphere to advance the limitation and control of conventional weapons in the region. / 0 / M-III-B-6 - More active participation in the United Nations Register of Conventional Weapons and the UN instrument for standardized international presentation of reports of military expenditures.
II.Comparative Table of Measures from the Declaration of Santiago (Annex A) and the Declaration of San Salvador (Annex B) that are partially included within those adopted in the Consensus of Miami (Annex C).
Measures from the Declarations of Santiago andSan Salvador / 2005 / Measures from the Consensus of MiamiSc - Promotion of the development and exchange of information concerning defense policies and doctrines. / 15 / M-III-B-5 - Exchange of information on military doctrine and organization.
Ld - Promote the exchange of information, inter alia, through the publication of defense white papers or official documents, as appropriate, permitting greater transparency with respect to the defense policies of each country, and on the organization, structure, size, and composition of the armed forces. / 62 / M-III-B-5 - Exchange of information on military doctrine and organization.
Le - In order to promote transparency, and with technical support from the appropriate international economic agencies, encourage the carrying out of studies for establishing a common methodology in order to facilitate the comparison of military expenditures in the region, taking into account, inter alia, the United Nations Standardized International Reporting of Military Expenditures. / 0 / M-III-B-3 - Exchange of information on military budgets.
M-III-B-6 - More active participation in the United Nations Register of Conventional Weapons and the UN instrument for standardized international presentation of reports of military expenditures.
III.Comparative Table of Measures from the Declaration of Santiago (Annex A) and the Declaration of San Salvador (Annex B) that are not included within those adopted in the Consensus of Miami (Annex C).
Measures from the Declarations of Santiago andSan Salvador / 2005 / Measures from the Consensus of MiamiSa - Gradual adoption of agreements regarding advance notice of military exercises. / 4 / XXX
Si - Holding of seminars and courses, and studies on mutual confidence- and security-building measures and policies to promote confidence involving the participation of civilians and military personnel, and on the special security concerns of small island states. / 3 / XXX
Sj - A High-level meeting on the special security concerns of small island states / 2 / XXX
Lg - Continue supporting the efforts of the small island states to address their special security concerns, including those of an economic, financial, and environmental nature, taking into consideration their vulnerability and level of development. / 0 / XXX
The results of the above analysis are reflected in quantitative terms in the following table:
Measures / Number / %Measures from the Declaration of Santiago and the Declaration of San Salvador that are wholly included among those adopted in the Consensus of Miami / 332 / 79.5
Measures from the Declaration of Santiago and the Declaration of San Salvador that are partially included among those adopted in the Consensus of Miami / 77 / 18.4
Measures from the Declaration of Santiago and the Declaration of San Salvador that are not included among those adopted in the Consensus of Miami / 9 / 2.1
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IV.Analysis of CSBMs from the Declaration of Santiago (1995) and the Declaration of San Salvador (1988) that are partially included in the Consensus of Miami:
1.Measures Sc and Ld (77 measures)
Sc -Promotion of the development and exchange of information concerning defense policies and doctrines
Ld -Promote the exchange of information, inter alia, through the publication of defense white papers or official documents, as appropriate, permitting greater transparency with respect to the defense policies of each country, and on the organization, structure, size, and composition of the armed forces.
These two measures are very similar, and bear a close relationship at the operational level to measure M-III-B-5, MILITARY MEASURES, from the Consensus of Miami, and they could therefore be unified as a single measure dealing with item (1), DIPLOMATIC AND POLITICAL MEASURES from the Consensus of Miami.
2.Measure Le (no measure)
Le - In order to promote transparency, and with technical support from the appropriate international economic agencies, encourage the carrying out of studies for establishing a common methodology in order to facilitate the comparison of military expenditures in the region, taking into account, inter alia, the United Nations Standardized International Reporting of Military Expenditures
While some aspects of this measure are considered in the Consensus of Miami, the concept is broader than that of M-III-B-3 and M-III-B-6, and so it should be included in the Consensus of Miami as a measure under item (1), DIPLOMATIC AND POLITICAL MEASURES.
V.Analysis of CSBMs from the Declaration of Santiago (1995 and the Declaration of San Salvador (1988) that are not included in the Consensus of Miami
1.Measure Sa (4 measures)
Sa - Gradual adoption of agreements regarding advance notice of military exercises
Measure M-III-A-1 from the Consensus of Miami calls for “Advance notification of any planned military ground, air, or naval maneuver, deployment, or exercise in border areas regarding the number of troops, location in terms of borders, and the nature and quantity of equipment”, but this does not mention the adoption of AGREEMENTS REGARDING ADVANCE NOTICE (which would require action at the political level, e.g. Ministry of Defense).
Measure Sa, with its current wording, should be included in the Consensus of Miami, under item I, DIPLOMATIC AND POLITICAL MEASURES
2 - Measures Si, Sj and Lg (five measures)
Si -Holding of seminars and courses, and studies on mutual confidence- and security-building measures and policies to promote confidence involving the participation of civilians and military personnel, and on the special security concerns of small island states.
Sj -A High-level meeting on the special security concerns of small island states
Lg -Continue supporting the efforts of the small island states to address their special security concerns, including those of an economic, financial, and environmental nature, taking into consideration their vulnerability and level of development.
These measures relate essentially to the security concerns of small island states, and could therefore be united into a single measure. It is suggested that their wording be condensed and included in the Consensus of Miami under item I, DIPLOMATIC AND POLITICAL MEASURES, with the following wording:
"Holding of a high-level meeting, seminars, courses, and studies on mutual confidence- and security-building measures involving the participation of civilians and military personnel, to deal with the special security concerns of small island states, including those of an economic, financial and environmental nature, taking into account their vulnerability and level of development."