American Indians in the West
Period 6: 1865-1898
Do Now:
- What are some of the consequences for Indians due to the rapid decline of the buffalo population?
______
American Indians in the West:
•New Mexico & Arizona
•______& Zuni- permanent farmers raising corn & livestock
•______& Apache- nomadic hunter gatherers more settled, raised crops & livestock
•Pacific Northwest
•Chinook & Shasta- complex communities, fish & game
•Great Plains- 2/3rds of Native Americans
•______, Blackfoot, Cheyenne, Crow & Comanche- nomadic
•Gave up farming after intro. of horse by the Spanish
•______ hunted buffalo for survival & trade
•Late 1800 conflicts with U.S. gov. due to ignorance of white understanding of loose tribal organization & nomadic lifestyle
Reservation Policy:
•Andrew Jackson’s 1830s removal policy was based on idea that ______
______
•Oregon Trail & transcontinental railroad changed this
1851: Fort Laramie & Fort Atkinson meetings
- Fed. Gov. assigned Plains tribes large tracts of land - reservations- with definite boundaries
- Most Plains tribes refused to restrict their movement & continued to be nomadic
Violence in the West:
•______1864
•100+ Cheyenne massacred; thought they had been promised immunity & land rights under Treaty of Fort Laramie reflected American thirst for land &further reduction of respect for treaties
•______1876- Sioux were defeated
•Led by Sitting Bull & Crazy Horse in northern plains
•Sioux had ambushed & destroyed Colonel George Custer’s command at Little Big Horn (aka “______”)
•______’s effort to lead a band of the Nez Perce into Canada ended in defeat and surrender in 1877
•______of 1871: ended recognition of tribes as independent nations by the Feds.
•Nullified previous treaties
Indian Response:
•______(1884)
•1880 Election- John Elk, a native American born on a reservation, moved to Omaha & sought U.S. citizenship exercise his right to vote
•Supreme Court ruled Indians born on reservations are born on land not under U.S. jurisdiction, so ______
•______
•______in which Indians believed sacred dances would:
•Bring a return of the buffalo
•Bring a great storm that would drive whites back across the Atlantic
•Allow Indians to practice their ancestral customs
U.S. Response: ______1890:
•U.S. Army gunned down over 200 American Indian men, women & children in the “battle” of Wounded Knee in the Dakotas
•Last battle of the American Indian wars… the ______
______
Assimilationists:
•Helen Hunt Jackson’s A Century of Dishonor (1881)
•______
•______
•Formal education
•Job training
•Conversion to Christianity
•______(ex. Carlisle School, Penn.)
•White Culture
•Farming
•Industrial Skills
Read for Understanding:
•Read the assigned excerpt from, A Century of Dishonor
•Complete the reading questions that follow and review with your group members
______:
•1887: ______
______
•Divided tribal lands into 160 acre plots
•Citizenship granted to those who stayed on the land for 25 years & adopted civilized lifestyle
•______
•Disease & poverty reduced American Indian population to just 200,000
•Simply reduced land under Native American control
Wrap Up:
•Can the U.S. policy towards Indians be labeled genocide? Why or why not?
______