AGA: EUFMD/RG/02
REPORT
of the
Session of the Research Group of the Standing Technical Committee
of the
EUROPEAN COMMISSION FOR THE CONTROL OF
FOOT-AND-MOUTH DISEASE
held at
Çesme, Izmir, Turkey
17 – 20 September 2002
FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS
Rome, 2002
1
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
INTRODUCTION ……………………………………………………………… 1
Adoption of the Agenda ………………………………………………………….. 3
Item 1Information on current FMD situation in the world and reports on
outbreaks ………………………………………………………………… 4
Item 2aFMD control: epidemiology, surveillance, control measures: focus on
endemic zones …………………………………………………………… 5
Item 2bFMD control: epidemiology, surveillance and control measures: focus
on epidemic incursions ………………………………………………….. 7
Item 3Pathogenicity and transmission …………………………………………. 10
Item 4Virus characterisation …………………………………………………… 11
Item 5Diagnostics – virus detection ……………………………………………. 13
Item 6Diagnostics – antibody detection ………………………………………. 14
Item 7FMD vaccines and vaccination …………………………………………17
Item 8Closed Session ………………………………………………………….19
1.Information on recent and future activities relating to the
Caucasus, Turkey, Greece and Bulgaria
2.Matters arising from the 67th Executive Committee meeting,
25-26 April 2002
2.1 Capacity of FMD Reference Laboratories during crisis situations
2.2 Review of “The minimum requirements for importation into
Europe of live animals, fresh meat and offal of the bovine species”
2.3 Development of Reference Sera
2.4 Objectives of Phase XVII
2.5 Guidance on the use of r values
2.6 Design of surveillance schemes, in particular through use of
tests for antibodies to NSPs
2.7 Workshop on the internal quality control of ELISAs
2.8 Risk analysis tools
3.Matters raised by the Secretariat or Members
3.1 Future of closed or open meetings
3.2 Procedures for writing reviews for EUFMD
3.3 EUFMD website
3.4 Distribution of information
3.5 Standardisation of papers for EUFMD meetings
3.6 Involvement of epidemiological modellers
3.7 Audio and video-taping of meetings
3.8 Support for attendance of FMD diagnostic laboratory
personnel from countries not free of FMD in the region
4.Next Meeting
Adoption of the report …………………………………………………………24
Closing remarks ……………………………………………………………….24
LIST OF APPENDICES
Page
Appendix 1 ……………………………………………………………………………….. 25
David Paton
Update on the global FMD situation
Appendix 2 ……………………………………………………………………………….. 33
N.J. Knowles and P.R. Davies
Molecular epidemiological studies on recently isolated foot-and-mouth disease viruses
Appendix 3 ……………………………………………………………………………….. 46
Patrick J. O' Reilly, Michael O’Connor, Ann Harrington, Sally Gaynor and Dianne Clery
Foot-and-Mouth Disease in Ireland; history, diagnosis, eradication and serosurveillance
Appendix 4 ……………………………………………………………………………….. 58
Nigel P. Ferris, Geoff H. Hutchings, Scott M. Reid and Brenda Newman
Laboratory virological investigations relating to the 2001 foot-and-mouth disease
outbreak in the United Kingdom
Appendix 5 ……………………………………………………………………………….. 59
Soren Alexandersen, R. Paul Kitching, Leonard M. Mansley, and Alex I. Donaldson
Clinical and laboratory investigations of five outbreaks during the early stages of the
2001 foot-and-mouth disease epidemic in the United Kingdom
Appendix 6 ………………………………………………………………………………... 67
Michael Thrusfield
Initial analysis of the 2001 UK foot-and-mouth disease epidemic in Dumfries and
Galloway, Scotland
Appendix 7 …………………………………………………………………...... 69
Emiliana Brocchi, S. Grazioli, F. Fallacara, M. Bugnetti, S. Bellini, and F. De Simone
Update of Swine vesicular disease in Italy during 2002: epidemiology and diagnosis
Appendix 8 ……………………………………………………………………………….. 74
Nilay Ünal
The foot-and-mouth disease situation in Turkey
Appendix 9 ………………………………………………………………………………. 76
A.N. Bulut, C. Çokçalýþkan, and B. Alpay
A serosurvey following the autumn-2001 vaccination campaign in Thrace Region of Turkey
Appendix 10 ……………………………………………………………………………… 87
A.N. Bulut, C. Çokçalýþkan, and B. Alpay
A serosurvey to trace non-structural proteins to FMDV conducted with the sera
from Thrace Region of Turkey
Page
Appendix 11 ……………………………………………………………………………… 92
S. Aktaþ, U. Parlak and F. Özyörük
Genetic characterisation of type O and A viruses isolated from outbreaks between
2000-2002 in Turkey
Appendix 12 ……………………………………………………………………………… 98
Hagai Yadin
FMD control in endemic areas
Appendix 13 ……………………………………………………………………………… 103
François Moutou and Benoit Durand
Modelling of foot-and-mouth disease: a comparison of models
Appendix 14 ……………………………………………………………………………… 109
Simon J. Barteling
Problems in stamping-out and rendering practice: suggestions for improvements and alternatives
Appendix 15 ………………………………………………………………………………. 113
Simon J. Barteling and Paul Sutmoller
Culling versus vaccination: challenging a dogma in veterinary (FMD) science
Appendix 16 ………………………………………………………………………………. 122
Chris Griot and Lukas Perler
Evaluation of acceptance of alternative FMD eradication strategies in Switzerland
Appendix 17 ………………………………………………………………………………. 125
Soren Alexandersen, Melvyn Quan, Ciara Murphy, Jeannette Knight and Zhidong Zhang
Studies of quantitative parameters of virus excretion and transmission in pigs and cattle experimentally infected with foot-and-mouth disease virus O UK 2001
Appendix 18 ……………………………………………………………………………… 141
Zhidong Zhang, Ciara Murphy, Melvyn Quan, Jeanette Knight and Soren Alexandersen
Quantification and duration of foot-and-mouth disease virus RNA in bovine
esopharyngeal fluid as determined by real-time RT-PCR
Appendix 19 ……………………………………………………………………………… 150
Melvyn Quan, Louise Matthews, Ciara M. Murphy, Zhidong Zhang, Jeanette Knight,
Mark E.J. Woolhouse, and Soren Alexandersen
Modelling of viraemia in pigs infected with foot-and-mouth disease virus
Appendix 20 ……………………………………………………………………………… 160
Ciara M. Murphy, Zhidong Zhang, Melvyn Quan, Jeanette Knight and Soren Alexandersen
Expression of inflammatory and antiviral cytokines in pigs experimentally infected
with foot-and-mouth disease
Page
Appendix 21 ……………………………………………………………………………… 174
Aldo Dekker, A. Bouma and M.C.M. de Jong
Foot-and-mouth disease virus transmission between individually housed calves
Appendix 22 ……………………………………………………………………………… 179
P.W. Mason, J.M. Pacheco, Q.-Z. Zhao and N.J. Knowles
Comparisons of the complete genomes of Asian, African and European isolates of a
recent foot-and-mouth disease virus type O pandemic strain (PanAsia)
Appendix 23 ……………………………………………………………………………… 190
Neeraj Aggarwal, S. Cox, R.J. Statham, and P. V. Barnett
Characterisation of monoclonal antibodies against foot-and-mouth disease vaccine
strain C1 Oberbayern and their reactivity with field isolates
Appendix 24 ……………………………………………………………………………… 194
S. Grazioli, F. Fallacara and E. Brocchi
Monoclonal antibodies against FMDV type Asia 1: Preliminary characterization and
potential use in diagnosis
Appendix 25 ……………………………………………………………………………… 203
Scott M. Reid, N.P. Ferris, G.H. Hutchings and S. Alexandersen
Diagnosis of foot-and-mouth disease virus by automated RT-PCR
Appendix 26 ……………………………………………………………………………… 210
Scott M. Reid, N.P. Ferris and G.H. Hutchings
Comparison of RT-PCR procedures for diagnosis of clinical samples of
foot-and-mouth disease virus (serotypes O, A, C and Asia 1) under the European
Union Concerted Action Group Project PL 98-4032
Appendix 27 ……………………………………………………………………………… 220
Nilgün Özdural, Aysel Candaþ, and Melahat Cengiz
Diagnosis of A22 Mahmath and O Manisa FMD viruses from field samples:
Development of a latex agglutination test kit
Appendix 28 ……………………………………………………………………………… 226
David Paton, Robert M. Armstrong, L.S. Turner, P.A. Hamblin, M. Corteyn, D. Gibson
and J. Anderson
FAO Collaborative study Phase XVII: Standardisation of FMD antibody detection
Appendix 29 ……………………………………………………………………………… 235
Esther Blanco Lavilla, Jordi X. Feliu, Francisco Sobrino and Antonio Villaverde
Specific detection of antibodies against FMD by engineered ß-galactosidase
enzymatic sensors
Page
Appendix 30 …………………………………………………………………………….... 242
L. Jacobs, G. Chénard, T. Jelsma, and K. de Clercq
Modification and further validation by different laboratories of a FMDV type O
Specific ELISA for detection of antibodies in all susceptible species
Appendix 31 ………………………………………………………………………………. 248
Bernd Haas and Karl J. Sorensen
Comparison of ELISAs for the differentiation of infection from vaccination by
detection of antibodies to the non-structural protein 3ABC of foot-and-mouth disease virus
Appendix 32 ……………………………………………………………………………… 257
R.M. Armstrong, Z. Zhang, N Aggarwal, P.A. Hamblin and S.J. Cox
Detection of IgG against the foot-and-mouth disease Virus (FMDV) non-structural polyprotein 3ABC in cattle and sheep
Appendix 33 ………………………………………………………………………………. 272
B.M. deC. Bronsvoort, J. Anderson, V.N. Tanya, R.P. Kitching, and K.L. Morgan
Evaluation of the 3AB CHEKITTM for an African cattle population with
endemic foot-and-mouth disease
Appendix 34 ………………………………………………………………………………. 283
L. Schalch, D.E. Rebeski, H. Samaras, G. Lozano, B. Thuer, C. Schelp
Recently generated data with the CHEKIT-FMD-3ABC ELISA kit and methods
to monitor the operational performance of a 3ABC ELISA
Appendix 35 ………………………………………………………………………………. 303
Scott Liu, Tseng Yuan Chang, Alan M. Walfield, Mei Lun Zhang, Kenneth K. Sokoll,
Shih Ping Chen, Ming Chang Li, Yeou Liang Lin, Ming Hwa Jong, David Yang,
Nancy Chyr, and Chang Yi Wang
Synthetic Peptide-based serosurveillance and vaccine system for FMD
Appendix 36 ………………………………………………………………………………. 321
Kris De Clercq and David K.J. Mackay
Regulations of FMD vaccines within the European Union
Appendix 37 ………………………………………………………………………………. 327
Lukas Bruckner and Christian Griot
FMD vaccines: Potency testing in the target species
Appendix 38 ………………………………………………………………………………. 328
Gülhan Aynagöz, A. Naci Bulut, and Aydin Coþkuner
Potency control of FMD vaccine in the field during 2001-2002
Appendix 39 ………………………………………………………………………………. 331
Fuat Özyörük, Ünal Parlak, Gülhan Aynagöz, and Hidayet Bozoğlu
Monoclonal antibody based detection of 3A containing non-structural proteins
In A1(OH)3 adjuvanted foot-and-mouth disease vaccines
Page
Appendix 40 ……………………………………………………………………………… 336
Eliana Smitsaart, N. Mattion, G. Mazzuca, B. Robiolo, E. Maradei, J. Filippi, A. Sadir,
A. Falczuk, J. La Torre, A. Pedemonte, R. D’Aloia, O. Periolo, G. Cadenazzi, E. Palma,
and R. Bellinzoni
Foot-and-mouth disease in Argentina: Development of vaccines for emergency, control and eradication of the disease
Appendix 41 ………………………………………………………………………………. 349
S.I. Deliloglu Gürhan, M. Mustafaev Akdeste, Z. Mustafaeva, Akdeste, G. Aynagöz,
G. Ünver, Nilay Ünal, and N. Çelik
Preparation of Synthetic Peptide FMD vaccine with newly developed Antigen-Polymere conjugates to be used as imunogen and vaccine in veterinary medicine
Appendix 42 ………………………………………………………………………………. 358
David Paton
Proposals for completion of Phase XVII and for Phase XVIII
Appendix 43 ………………………………………………………………………………. 360
List of participants
1
INTRODUCTION
A session of the Research Group of the Standing Technical Committee of the European Commission for the control of Foot-and-Mouth Disease (EUFMD) was held in Çesme, Izmir, Turkey, from 17 to 20 September 2002.
The meeting was chaired by Dr Kris De Clercq (Belgium). Members of the Group present were: Drs. Aldo Dekker (the Netherlands), Franco De Simone (Italy), Alex Donaldson (UK), Chris Griot (Switzerland), Bernd Haas (Germany), Per Have (Denmark), Vilmos Palfi (Hungary), Ms Nilay Unal (Turkey) and Hagai Yadin (Israel). Apologies were received from Dr Francois Moutou (France) and Dr J.M. Sanchez-Vizcaino (Spain) who were unable to attend.
Dr Keith Sumption, Secretary of the EUFMD opened the meeting by welcoming all participants to the meeting. It was pleasing to see such an excellent turnout and thanked especially those who had travelled so far to attend the meeting. A welcome was also conveyed to the representatives of international organizations present, in particular, Dr Schudel from OIE and Dr Füssel from the EC.
Special gratitude was conveyed to the Government of Turkey, in particular Dr Hüseyin Sungur the Director General of the General Directorate of Protection and Control of Turkey, and his team, who have worked so hard on the arrangements for hosting this Session of the Research Group and for arranging such an attractive venue. Dr Sungur was invited to take the floor.
Dr Sungur welcomed all the participants to his country and was honoured to host this session in Turkey. He expressed the hope that this meeting will contribute to the control of FMD, and therefore the development of the livestock sector and food security in all countries. He indicated that individual efforts of countries in the control of contagious animal diseases are not always sufficient to protect their livestock from such diseases. He went on to say that in this respect, FMD is one of the best examples to use and highlighted the need for regional, or even global, cooperation for disease control. He stated that it is mainly for this reason that some countries and international organizations have developed several regional animal health projects. He used EUFMD as an example, which was established in 1954 with the help of FAO.
Dr Sungur briefly informed the meeting of the measures taken by Turkey in its efforts to control FMD. The FMD Institute has been recently modernised and vaccine production conditions have improved sufficiently to obtain protection against FMD by the vaccination of at least 80% of the susceptible population. Vaccine demand has been met through local production and when required, through importation. Intensive preventive vaccination campaigns have been organised to take place twice a year.
A Vaccine Control Laboratory has been established in Bornova near Izmir where modern diagnostic methods have been introduced. The illegal movement of animals has been minimised by the intensification of border control, and very strict measures such as quarantine, disinfection and preventive vaccination have been introduced to control FMD outbreaks. Meat, milk and poultry products for exportation are only obtained from FMD-free areas and International Veterinary Health Certificates are issued only for such products. Recording and identification of large ruminants started in September 2001.
Dr Sungur took this opportunity to congratulate Dr Keith Sumption on his new position as Secretary of the EUFMD. He assured the meeting that Turkey will continue to contribute to the future studies in the field of FMD epidemiology, diagnosis and vaccine production to the best of its ability.
On closing, Dr Sungur thanked all the participants for attending this meeting and wished the meeting success. He hoped that the participants would find some time during the very tight schedule of the meeting at least to benefit from Çesme, one of the most attractive tourist regions of Turkey.
Dr Keith Sumption once again took the floor and on behalf of FAO conveyed the apologies of Mr Doumandji, the FAO Representative in Turkey, who at the last minute, was unable to attend.
He recalled the long history and good relationships of the Government of Turkey with the EUFMD Commission, which is recognised by FAO. The work undertaken over many years has been very important in reducing the risk of FMD introduction into other member states of EUFMD. FAO recognises the efforts of the Turkish Authorities to promote animal health and disease control in the Eurasian region. The cooperation between Turkey and Iran through a FAO TCP project, may be followed by further cooperative transboundary disease actions. The involvement of a Turkish expert in an EC funded expert mission to Iran scheduled in October is a good sign of this. The expertise, experience and regional position of Turkey should be of great importance to the regional FMD control programme. FAO also recognises the efforts made by the Government of Turkey in the Tripartite action (EUFMD, EC and OIE) involving 3 countries in the southern Balkans (Turkey, Greece and Bulgaria). This work is ongoing and important for EUFMD members. The joint application for a TCP project involving these 3 countries has been submitted to FAO and it is hoped that approval will be given in order to begin activities in 2002.
On closing, in his capacity as the new Secretary of the EUFMD he thanked everybody for their warm welcome into the Commission and is honoured to be able to work in support of the Research Group. He reminded the meeting of the importance of the Research Group to the Commission as this Group represents a very significant proportion of the research-active FMD scientists in the world. In addition, the Sessions of the Research Group are not only scientific conferences since the recommendations of the meetings feed back to the CVOs of the 33 Member States of the EUFMD for scientific guidance.
The floor was given to Dr Kris De Clercq, Chairman of the Research Group, who on behalf of the Group welcomed all to the meeting. He thanked the Turkish Authorities for the excellent organization of the meeting. Most participants will know how much work goes into preparing such a meeting, especially with such a high number of participants and the hard work is much appreciated. He pointed out that at the RG level the collaboration with the SAP FMD Institute is good. The information received from the laboratory is of the utmost importance to the RG.
In the Session of the Research Group held in Borovets in 2000, nobody had any idea of the events which took place in 2001 which were to change the world. Not only did 2001 bring back FMD but also the event which took place on 11 September created a possible tool for agro-terrorism. Many meetings, one of which was held in FAO HQs in February, were held on this in 2001 and 2002. As an outcome of these many meetings, our diagnostics were debated, especially the NSP test and more generally the validation of tests. We will consequently have to focus on the urgent development of reference sera which cannot be done by one laboratory alone. Therefore, a closer network of laboratories will have to be established in the near future. EUFMD will surely play a major role in this. Other important items were slaughter policy and vaccines which will also be presented at this meeting. On the subject of vaccines, Dr De Clercq will inform the meeting of progress made in 2001/02 concerning the Eur.Pharm. and other documents established by EMEA and OIE.
The year 2002 brought other changes to the Commission. Dr Yves Leforban left his position as Secretary to return to France. He acted as Secretary for a period of 8 years during which he did an outstanding job. The position was taken up by Dr Keith Sumption as of 1 September 2002. Dr De Clercq extended a warm welcome to the new Secretary.
Dr De Clercq presented individually each member of the Research Group present to the meeting and presented apologies from Drs Moutou and Sanchez-Vizcaino who were unable to attend.
Dr De Clercq then gave the floor to Prof. Reinhard Ahl, Chairman of the Sub-Committee of Animal Health of the Scientific Committee for Animal Health and Welfare of the EU Commission in Brussels.
Professor Ahl conveyed the regards of the Committee to the participants and organisers of this meeting. He pointed out that a number of questions had arisen from the recent epidemics of FMD in different parts of the world which in part, are difficult to solve by experimental studies alone, since the introduction of FMD cannot be predicted with complete certainty. New experience may lead to resolving some of the problems, but he indicated that we should be aware of the limit to our science.
Adoption of the Agenda
The Chairman proposed that the following Agenda should be adopted.
Item 1:Information on current FMD situation in the world and reports on outbreaks
Item 2a:FMD control: epidemiology, surveillance, control measures: focus on endemic zones
Item 2b:FMD control: epidemiology, surveillance and control measures: focus on epidemic incursions
Item 3:Pathogenicity and transmission
Item 4:Virus characterisation
Item 5:Diagnostics - virus detection
Item 6:Diagnostics - antibody detection
Item 7:FMD vaccines and vaccination
Item 8:Closed Session
The Agenda was adopted as proposed.
Item 1: Information on current FMD situation in the world and reports on Outbreaks
Dr David Paton, representing the World Reference Laboratory (WRL), gave a brief overview of the global FMD situation (Appendix 1). Foot-and-mouth disease remains endemic in many parts of Asia, Africa and South America. Since there is limited reporting, our picture of the disease situation worldwide is incomplete. So far in 2002, 103 viruses from 17 countries were submitted to the WRL for analysis. Type O was received from 13 countries, type A from 4 countries, type Asia 1 from 3 countries, whereas SAT 2 was received from 1 country. These figures compare with 179 viruses received from 29 countries in 2001.