Adana Science and Technology University

Adana Science and Technology University

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

Electrical Circuit Lab Term Project

Triangular Wave Generator

1. INTRODUCTION

In this project, you are going to design a triangular wave generator circuitry. Triangular wave is a periodic, non-sinusoidal waveform with a triangular shape. It can be confused between triangle and sawtooth waves. The most important feature of a triangular wave is that it has equal rise and fall times while asawtooth wavehas un-equal rise and fall times. The applications of triangular wave include sampling circuits, thyristor firing circuits, frequency generator circuits, tone generator circuits etc. There are many methods for generating triangular waves but here we focus on method using opamps. This circuit is based on the fact that a square wave on integration gives a triangular wave [1-3].

Operational amplifier based triangular wave form generator is simple circuit that is widely used in function generators.

It is known that the integrator output waveform will be triangular if the input to it is a square wave. It means that a triangular wave generator can be formed by simply cascading an integrator and a square wave generator.

This circuit uses two operational amplifiers. First op amp functions as acomparatorand next op amp as an integrator.Sawtoothwaveform can be easily generated by doing little modifications in the triangular wave generator circuit. In this circuit the ‘non inverting’ terminal of second op amp is grounded, to get sawtooth generator we just need to add a potentiometer arrangement.

1.1 Design Criteria’s

The frequency of triangular waveform can be chosen arbitrarily but mathematical expressions of frequency equations should be presented.

Peak to peak amplitude of ramp voltage can be chosen arbitrarily but it should be suitable with your design specifications.

2. Rules and Regulations

During the project, you may use any types of resistors, capacitors, inductors, diodes, LEDsand op-amps. Other circuit components and integrated circuits are not allowed to use during the implementation phase.

The project will be carried out in groups of two students.

2.1. Preparation

In the preparation part, each group is required to present a proposed design solution for the project in a report (pre-report). The report should also include simulation results illustrating the operation
of the circuit used in the design. The necessary calculations for each step (for example, resistor and capacitor
values) should be described in the report clearly.

The deadline for submitting the pre-report will be announced. Please ask the laboratory assistant about the date. Late submissions will be penalized.

2.2. Implementation and Demonstration

In the implementation part, you will physically construct your circuit. All team members must attend the construction together.

You must provide your own circuit components (op-amps, resistors, capacitors,
pots, etc.) and bread-board.

NOTE: During the project you are going to submit two reports. In the pre-report you are required to give the main blocks ofyour design with their schematics and simulationresults. The second one is thefinal report which contains information below.

3. Final Report

The final report should include the final design, results, and a summary
of the experiences gained during the project.

NOTE: Theobjectives, results and the experiences should be presentedclearly. This does not
mean a long report, but definitely a well-organized one. The final report should contain the
following sections:

1. Abstract and Introduction

2. Theory

2.1. Selection of equipment such as resistors, capacitors, inductors, op-amps etc.

2.2. Working principle of theproject

3. Schematic diagram of the circuit

4. Simulation results

5. Description of circuit operation: Both theoretically and experimentally

6. Comments and conclusions

ATTENTION

Cheating is strongly forbidden and will be severely punished. Each project can be implemented
in many different ways. Hence, it will be easy to detect similarities. This does not mean that you
cannot collaborate with your friends. However, the allowed form of collaboration is exchanging
the ideas, not duplicating the design details.

NOTE: Some simple triangular design examples can be found in the references.

References

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[2]

[3]

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