Acyclic Hydrocarbons

Acyclic Hydrocarbons

Rule A-1. Saturated Unbranched-chain Compounds and Univalent Radicals

1.1- The first four saturated unbranched acyclic hydrocarbons are called methane, ethane, propane and butane. Names of the higher members of this series consist of a numerical term, followed by "-ane" with elision of terminal "a" from the numerical term. Examples of these names are shown in the table below. The generic name of saturated acyclic hydrocarbons (branched or unbranched) is "alkane".

Examples of names:

(n= total number of carbon atoms)

n / n
1 Methane / 22 Docosane
2 Ethane / 23 Tricosane
3 Propane / 24 Tetracosane
4 Butane / 25 Pentacosane
5 Pentane / 26 Hexacosane
6 Hexane / 27 Heptacosane
7 Heptane / 28 Octacosane
8 Octane / 29 Nonacosane
9 Nonane / 30 Triacontane
10 Decane / 31 Hentriacontane
11 Undecane / 32 Dotriacontane
12 Dodecane / 33 Tritriacontane
13 Tridecane / 40 Tetracontane
14 Tetradecane / 50 Pentacontane
15 Pentadecane / 60 Hexacontane
16 Hexadecane / 70 Heptacontane
17 Heptadecane / 80 Octacontane
18 Octadecane / 90 Nonacontane
19 Nonadecane / 100 Hectane
20 Icosane / 132 Dotriacontahectane
21 Henicosane

Reference:

Organic Chemistry

Carbon in an organic molecule has an s1p3 valence:

Since there are four half-full orbitals, organic carbon needs four bonds (4 single bonds, 2 double bonds, 2 single bonds and 1 double bond, or 1 single bond and one triple bond).

Hydrocarbons are organic compounds containing only C and H

Alkanes have only single bonds (CnH2n+2), and their names end in “-ane”

methane / CH4
ethane / C2H6
propane / C3H8
butane / C4H10
pentane / C5H12
hexane / C6H14
heptane / C7H16
octane / C8H18
nonane / C9H20
decane / C10H22

When an Alkane becomes a functional Group, it loses an H, its name loses the “-ane” suffix, and it now ends in “-yl”.

Alkenes have at least one double bond, and their names end in “-ene”.

Alkynes have at least one triple bond, and their names end in “-yne”.

Naming Alkanes with functional groups:

Consider the longest chain of carbons as the main parent
Find and maintain the lowest total numbering system (left to right or right to left)
Name the functional groups in alphabetical order.
With multiples of the same group, use “di-“, “tri-“, “tetra-“, “penta-“, “hexa-“, “hepta-“, “octa-“, “nona-“, “deca-“.
Put a dash between letters and numbers and a comma between numbers

Naming alkenes/alkynes with functional groups:

A position number is given to the carbon on which the double/triple bond begins
Begin at the end that will make this position number the lowest
This position number is always placed just before the name of the main parent chain(the longest chain containing the double/triple bond)
If the molecule has more than one double/triple bond, the “-ene”/”-yne” ending must be preceded by a prefix indicating the number of double/triple bonds
Name the functional groups as for alkanes

Examples:

2,4-diethyl-3-methylpentane

4,6-dimethyl-5-propyl-2,3,5-nonatriene

Naming Cyclic compounds:

the cyclic compound is considered to be the main parent chain
the functional groups are named in alphabetical order and numbered around the compound with the lowest possible numbering system

Example:

benzene / toluene / phenol

7-ethyl-2,3-dimethylnaphthalene

Name:______Period: ______

Hydrocarbon

Aliphatic
Saturated / Unsaturated / Saturated
Base / Straight Chain Alkane / Formula
CnH2n+2 / Alkene / Akyne / Cyclic Compound / Functional Group CnH2n+1
C1 / meth / methane
C2 / eth / C2H6 / ethyne / ethyl C2H5-
C3 / prop / propene
C4 / but / butane / cyclobutane
C5 / pent / pentane / pentyl C5H11-
C6 / hex / 1-hexene
C7 / hept / 1-heptyne / heptyl C7H15-
C8 / oct / C8H18 / 1-octene
C9 / non / nonane / 1-nonyne / cyclononane
C10 / dec / decane / Decyl C10H21-

Polymers:

Addition Polymers

Condensation Polymers

Carbohydrates:

Monosaccharides – glucose, fructose

Disaccharides – sucrose

Polysaccharides – starch, cellulose

Amino Acids

Peptides

Proteins

Enzymes/Co-enzymes

Lipids

Triglycerides

Phospholipids

Waxes

Nucleic Acids

DNA

RNA