Name: ______Period: ______

ACA Molecular Genetics & Biotechnology Notes

Main Idea
DNA codes for RNA, which guides ______.

From Genes to Genetic expression

(The central dogma of molecular biology)

_____->_____->______->______-> ______

Role of DNA and RNA

DNA is the ______

RNA is the ______of the Master Plan

DNA vs RNA

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DNA

Sugar: Deoxyribose

Double Stranded

Nitrogen Bases: Adenine, ______, Guanine, Cytosine (ATCG)

Difference: ______

RNA

Sugar:Ribose

Single Stranded

Nitrogen Bases: Adenine, ______, Guanine, Cytosine (AUCG)

Difference: ______

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RNA and Protein Synthesis

DNA remains in the ______, but in order for it to get its instructions translated into proteins, it must send its message to the ribosomes where proteins are made.

There a 3 types of RNA involved in this process

  1. mRNA:Carries genetic information from ______in the nucleus to direct protein synthesis in the______. (codon)
  1. tRNA:Carries specific ______to the ribosomes. (Anti-codon)
  1. rRNA: molecular component of a ribosome (the site of ______)

Two Main Steps in Protein Synthesis

1. Transcription: Takes place in the______, mRNAreads the DNA strand, then moves to the ______for translation.

2. Translation: Takes place in the,tRNAcarries amino acids to the mRNA to the site of a ribosome (rRNA)

In RNA

Adenine pairs with______(A-U) (Airplanes - Up)

Guanine pairs with Cytosine(G-C) (Cars - Gas)

Circle a Codon, and put a square around an Anti-Codon

What biomolecule does the growing amino acid chain make? ______

How does mRNA code for proteins?

mRNA codes for proteins in . A block of 3 mRNA bases = .

Amoeba Sisters – Protein Synthesis Video

Answer the following questions as you watch the video

  1. DNA codes for ______
  2. What does Protein Synthesis make? ______
  3. Yes or No: Is all the DNA turned on all the time?
  4. DNA is located in the ______
  5. What are the 2 step in Protein Synthesis?

______

______

  1. 6. How many letters are read at a time? ___

Mutations:
Mutation can be harmful, helpful or neutral in their effect. Mutations create ______.

Mutations are ______changes in the genetic material.

**A mutation that occurs in the ______will most likely transferred to the ______.

Types of Gene Mutations

Include:

Point Mutations: Change of a single nucleotide.

Include:

1. Substitution: ______in the nucleotide

2. Frameshift: ______or ______of a single nucleotide

Chromosome Mutations:

Deletion: a chromosome segment

Inversion: a segment within a chromosome

Translocation:moves a segment from one chromosome to another, non-homologous one

Duplication: a segment

Non-disjunction: chromosomes fails to separate properly during meiosis

Chromosome Mutations create ______variation.

Applied Genetics: is the of the hereditary characteristics of an organism to improve or create specific traits in ______.

Selective breeding: directed breeding to produce plants and animals with ______Ex: breeding plants to produce larger fruits/vegetables

Gel Electrophoresis

  1. DNA is cut into smaller pieces using restriction enzymes
  2. An electrical current is applied
  3. DNA is separated by . Shorter fragments move farther down the gel than longer fragments

Used in:

DNA ______

DNA Fingerprinting

•Best way to determine if two people are genetically ______

•Used in genetic counseling, parental ______, crime scenes, of new species of organisms.

Chromosome Painting

Scientists use chromosome painting to make the locations of genes on human chromosomes with fluorescent tags.

It is also possible to apply this technique to of different species.

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