About the Instructor S Guide

Instructor Guide for

The Essential Cosmic Perspective,

Fifth Edition

Jeffrey Bennett

Megan Donahue

Nicholas Schneider

Mark Voit

Addison-Wesley

San Francisco Boston New York

Cape Town Hong Kong London Madrid Mexico City

Montreal Munich Paris Singapore Sydney Tokyo Toronto

Publisher: James Smith

Executive Editor: Nancy Whilton

Associate Development Editor: Ashley Eklund

Director of Development: Michael Gillespie

Managing Editor: Corinne Benson

Production Management: Linda Kern, Progressive Publishing Alternatives

Compositor: Progressive Information Technologies

Manufacturing Buyer: Jeffrey Sargent

Executive Marketing Manager: Scott Dustan

Copyright ©2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley, 1301 Sansome St., San Francisco, CA 94111. All rights reserved. This publication is protected by Copyright and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. To obtain permission(s) to use material from this work, please submit a written request to Pearson Education, Inc., Permissions Department, 1900 E. Lake Ave., Glenview, IL 60025. For information regarding permissions, call (847) 486-2635.

Many of the designations used by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in this book, and the publisher was aware of a trademark claim, the designations have been printed in initial caps or all caps.

ISBN 10: 0-321-58160-1

ISBN 13: 978-0-321-58160-0About the Instructor Guide

This Instructor Guide contains resources designed for use with the textbook The Essential Cosmic Perspective, Fifth Edition.

The first section of this guide contains material designed to help you prepare for your course. The second section is organized chapter by chapter, with teaching hints and answers to questions and problems from the text.

You can also download an electronic version of the guide from The Instructor Resource Center online at www.pearsonhighered.com/irc.

If you have additional questions or comments, you may contact the authors directly by e-mailing the lead author, Jeffrey Bennett, at .

Instructor Guide for The Essential Cosmic Perspective, Fifth Edition v

About the Instructor Guide iii

Who Is This Book For? 1

About the Fifth Edition 1

Resources and Supplements for The Essential Cosmic Perspective 2

The Pedagogical Approach of The Essential Cosmic Perspective 6

Themes of The Essential Cosmic Perspective 6

Pedagogical Principles of The Essential Cosmic Perspective 7

The Topical Structure of The Essential Cosmic Perspective 10

Chapter Structure in The Essential Cosmic Perspective 17

Preparing Your Course: Suggestions for First-Time Astronomy Teachers 20

Suggestions on Making Your Lectures Interactive 34

Part I: Developing Perspective 40

Chapter 1 Our Place in the Universe 40

Chapter 2 Discovering the Universe for Yourself 50

Chapter 3 The Science of Astronomy 61

Part II: Key Concepts for Astronomy 68

Chapter 4 Making Sense of the Universe: Understanding Motion,

Energy, and Gravity 68

Chapter 5 Light: The Cosmic Messenger 79

Part III: Learning from Other Worlds 89

Chapter 6 Formation of Planetary Systems: Our Solar System and

Beyond 89

Chapter 7 Earth and the Terrestrial Worlds 104

Chapter 8 Jovian Planet Systems 117

Chapter 9 Asteroids, Comets, and Dwarf Planets: Their Nature,

Orbits, and Impacts 127

Part IV: Stars 139

Chapter 10 Our Star 139

Chapter 11 Surveying the Stars 149

Chapter 12 Star Stuff 159

Chapter 13 The Bizarre Stellar Graveyard 170

Part V: Galaxies and Beyond 180

Chapter 14 Our Galaxy 180

Chapter 15 Galaxies and the Foundation of Modern Cosmology 188

Chapter 16 Dark Matter, Dark Energy, and the Fate of the Universe 200

Chapter 17 The Beginning of Time 210

Part VI: Life on Earth and Beyond 221

Chapter 18 Life in the Universe 221

Appendix 1: Using Voyager: SkyGazer College Edition 231

Appendix 2: Using the Cosmos Series 232

Appendix 3: Complete Section-by-Section Media Resource Grid 235

Appendix 4: Sample Syllabus 265

Appendix 5: Handout on Homework Presentation 272

Instructor Guide for The Essential Cosmic Perspective, Fifth Edition v

Who Is This Book For?

The Essential Cosmic Perspective is designed primarily for one-semester survey courses in astronomy. We assume no prior knowledge of astronomy or physics, and the book is especially suited to students who do not intend to major in mathematics or science. We have tailored The Essential Cosmic Perspective to one-semester survey courses by carefully selecting the most important topics in astronomy and presenting them with only as much depth as can be realistically learned in one semester. This book may also be used for two-semester astronomy sequences, though instructors of such courses may wish to consider the more comprehensive version of this book, titled The Cosmic Perspective.

About the Fifth Edition

The underlying philosophy, goals, and structure of The Essential Cosmic Perspective remain the same as in past editions, but we have thoroughly updated the text and made a number of other improvements. Here, briefly, is a list of the significant changes you’ll find in the fifth edition.

Fully Updated Science: Astronomy is a fast-moving field, and numerous new developments have occurred since the previous edition was published. The topics updated in this edition include:

· many new developments in the study of extrasolar planets and planetary systems;

· updated discussion of Pluto, Eris, and other Kuiper belt objects;

· new results and images from the Phoenix lander and rovers and orbiters studying Mars;

· the latest Cassini results from Saturn, including new studies of Enceladus and Titan;

· the latest observational evidence for dark matter and dark energy;

· recent results from the Spitzer Space Telescope, GLAST, and other observatories; and

· much more.

New Cosmic Context Two-Page Figures: We have added 6 new, two-page Cosmic Context spreads, giving the book a total of 18 of these figures that tie together related concepts in coherent visual summaries. You’ll find one of these at the end of each of the six parts of the book, and the rest appear within the main bodies of various chapters.

New See It For Yourself Feature: Within the bodies of chapter, we have added an occasional feature called See It for Yourself that asks students to try a simple observation or experiment that will help them understand the chapter material.

New Process of Science Questions: Long-time users know that our text has the process of science deeply integrated throughout the textbook. To help students focus on this important concept, in each chapter we have added two or more Process of Science questions to the end-of-chapter exercise sets.

New Visual Skills Check: Each chapter now ends with a Visual Skills Check designed to help students build their understanding of some of the many types of visual information used in astronomy. Answers are provided in the back of the book (Appendix K).

Enhanced MasteringAstronomy™: Now, The Essential Cosmic Perspective is no longer just a textbook; rather, it is a learning package that combines a printed book with a deeply integrated, interactive media that we have developed to support every chapter of the book. For students, MasteringAstronomy (www.masteringastronomy.com) provides a wealth of tutorials and activities to build understanding, while quizzes and exercises allow them to test what they’ve learned. For instructors, MasteringAstronomy provides the unprecedented ability to quickly build, post, and automatically grade pre- and post-lecture diagnostic tests, weekly homework assignments, and exams of appropriate difficulty, duration, and content coverage. It also provides the ability to record detailed information on the step-by-step work of every student directly into a powerful and easy-to-use gradebook and to evaluate results with a sophisticated suite of diagnostics. Among the changes you’ll find to the MasteringAstronomy site for this edition are the following:

· We have fully updated and rewritten all 22 of the popular, in-depth tutorials in the self-study area.

· We have updated the popular self-study quizzes, with three quizzes for each chapter: a Reading Quiz, a Concept Quiz, and a Visual Quiz.

· We have significantly enhanced the library of instructor-assignable homework problems. There are now nearly 200 problems, which include ranking tasks, sorting tasks, visual activities, and vocabulary activities. In addition, we have created at least one Process of Science activity for every chapter, which will help you build your students’ understanding of how science works.

· We have added many new interactive photos and figures, along with RSS news feeds and an interactive ebook.

Resources and Supplements for The Essential Cosmic Perspective

The Essential Cosmic Perspective is much more than just a textbook. It is a complete package of resources designed to help you and your students. In this section, we briefly describe the available student and instructor supplements.

MasteringAstronomyTM (www.masteringastronomy.com)—The Online Resource for You and Your Students

As teachers, we’ve all had frustrating experiences with Web sites that claim to be educational, but have steep learning curves, or with text Web sites that claim to be designed as study aids but don’t really follow the text pedagogy or contain much that is useful for students. As authors, we therefore decided to take matters into our own hands with the MasteringAstronomyTM Web site—the Web site for The Essential Cosmic Perspective—by working closely with other educators, programmers, and our publishing team in every aspect of the site’s development. If you haven’t already tried it out, we think you’ll be very pleasantly surprised. Indeed, in its former incarnation as The Astronomy Place, our content has already proven to be the key study resource for tens of thousands of students using our text—and many of these students have made use of it even when their instructors had not made the site a requirement. For instructors, MasteringAstronomy offers a wealth of course management tools and other resources, as well as the peace of mind that comes from knowing that their students have an outstanding set of study aids available to them.

MasteringAstronomy is, to our knowledge, the most advanced astronomy tutorial, assessment, and self-study system ever built. It provides the first library of activities and problems pretested by students nationally. Sophisticated analysis of student performance (including difficulty, time spent, and most common errors) has allowed every item to be systematically refined for educational effectiveness and assessment accuracy. MasteringAstronomy allows you to tutor and assess your class like never before by using the following instructor resources:

• Deliver powerful pre- and post-lecture diagnostic tests. Assign cutting-edge diagnostic tests before and after your class to gauge your students’ understanding. See class statistics at a glance, compare results with the national average, identify the most difficult problem for your students—even the most difficult step—and their most-common wrong answers, or zero in on time spent by each student.

• Provide effective homework and tutoring assignments with automatic grading. Use pre-built, research-based weekly assignments or quickly build your own, choosing from an unprecedented variety of tutorial and testing activities, including ranking and sorting tasks, dynamic visual activities (using Interactive Figures™ and Interactive Photos™ from the text), vocabulary-in-context activities, Process of Science tutorials, and end-of-chapter problems (including true/false, multiple choice, and numerical problems with randomized values).

• Generate ideal exams and tests. Take the guesswork out of building midterms and finals using unique tools that instantly identify assessment questions of ideal difficulty, duration, and concept coverage for your course.

Whether you assign activities or not, your students also have access to the most widely used and highly rated self-study media available, refined over five years of use by more than 100,000 students. The following are among the many resources your students will find on the MasteringAstronomy Web site.

• Interactive, educational tutorials: Our Web tutorials focus on topics that traditionally give students the most difficulty and are designed to mimic the type of interaction that typically would occur during office hours. We now have a total of 22 full-length tutorials to date, which together include more than 60 individual tutorial lessons (each focused on a key concept), more than 100 interactive tools, more than 125 animations, and some 500 tutorial questions. Completing a full tutorial will typically take students between 15 and 45 minutes, depending on how well they understand the material to begin with. The text includes icons in section headers to point to relevant tutorials, and suggested tutorial activities can also be found in the Media Explorations section at the end of each chapter. The grid in Appendix 3 of this Instructor Guide summarizes the places where the tutorials correspond to text material. Note that the authors have been heavily involved in tutorial development to ensure that the tutorial pedagogy matches the text pedagogy and emphasizes key text ideas.

• Multiple-choice chapter quizzes: The MasteringAstronomy Web site has three quizzes for each chapter in the book. The first quiz (Reading Quiz) focuses on basic definitions and ideas from the reading, the second (Concept Quiz) focuses on key concepts, and the third (Visual Quiz) has ten questions based on astronomical images or diagrams. The quizzes are designed not only to test, but also to teach: Feedback is provided for both correct and incorrect answers, helping students consolidate their understanding (feedback with correct answers) and helping students understand where they went wrong (for incorrect answers). Quizzes vary slightly in length, but most have between 10 and 25 multiple-choice questions. Students can use them for self-study, or you can use the course management resources to have scores sent directly to you as students complete the quizzes. Note that every one of the roughly 1000 quiz questions was written by the authors of the book, ensuring that they focus on the truly important points and perfectly match the book pedagogy.

• Animated Movies: There are ten 5-minute animated and narrated mini-movies that provide engaging summaries of key topics. The grid in Appendix 3 of this Instructor Guide summarizes where the movies correspond to text material.