Aakash Gupta and Stephen Chen

Aakash Gupta and Stephen Chen

AP European History

Period 6

December 20, 2010

Fill in Review Tests: Philosophy/Science

From the earliest day of the Italian Renaissance, there was no work quite as infamous as (1)______, written by (2)______in 1513. Other ideas developed during the Renaissance included (3)______, stressing the glorification of one’s uniqueness and genius. Another idea was (4)______. It especially emphasized the study of Latin classics to learn about human nature. A humanist of the Renaissance, (5)______, stressed that education was the means to reform and the key to moral and intellectual improvement. Another intellectual hallmark of the Renaissance was (6)______. It put emphasis on the material world rather than the spiritual.

During the Age of Exploration, the development of new technology made expansion and exploration into the uncharted parts of the world possible. The invention of the (7)______, iron or bronze guns that fired metal balls, helped make contribute to this expansion and exploration. The (8)______allowed sailors determine their direction and position at sea. The (9)______, helped sailors determine their latitude at sea by determining the altitude of the sun and other celestial bodies.

From 1540 to 1690 a.d., Europe made many new scientific advances based on the ideas of the Greek philosopher, (10)______. He believed that the earth was the center of the universe and that ten transparent crystal spheres moved around the earth. After these beliefs, new beliefs about the universe were developed. Some of these beliefs included the idea that nightly movement is caused by earth’s rotation and a universe of staggering size. These ideas were developed by (11)______, and his ideas and discoveries were referred to as the (12)______. Tycho Brahe’s brilliant assistant, (13)______, formed three laws of planetary motion: planetary orbits are elliptical, planets do not move at the same speed, and there is a relationship between the time needed for a planet to complete one orbit and its distance from the sun. At the same time, another scientist was challenging the views about motion. His name was (14)______. One of his most famous principles, the Law of (15)______, explained that rest was not the natural state of objects and that an object in motion does not stop unless stopped by an external force. With the aid of the (16)______, he discovered that Jupiter had four moons and that the moon was scarred. His work soon brought him in conflict with the papal Inquisition. After being tried for heresy, imprisoned, and tortured, he recanted his Copernican errors. A single explanatory system that would incorporate motion on earth and in the skies was later developed by (17)______. Newton had written his third book Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy, more commonly known as Principia. One key part of Newton’s explanatory system was the Law of (18)______, which mathematically explained that every body in the universe attracts every other body in the universe. Thus, Newton was able to unify all these scientific discoveries into one system.

The Scientific Revolution was key in the development of the Enlightenment. The Enlightenment was filled with a variety of new and diverse ideas. Enlightenment thinkers believed that it was possible for humans to create better societies and people; this was referred to as (19)______. (20)______was an important Enlightenment thinker who was skeptical about absolute truth and cynical about organized religion, published Eulogies of Scientists, and brought science into conflict with religion. Many skeptics did not believe in ideological conformity of religious matters. The name of the Enlightenment thinker who concluded that nothing can ever be known beyond all doubt and supported open-minded toleration was (21)______. This man also published the Historical and Critical Dictionary. One key factor in the appearance of European intellectual conflict was the work of John Locke. John Locke developed a new theory about how humans learn and create their ideas. He explained that all ideas come from experience and that the mind is blank at birth. This was referred to as (22)______. Analyzing history and politics, (23)______wrote The Spirit of Laws, in which he analyzed republics, monarchies, and despotisms. He concluded that in order to avoid despotism, there needed to be a (24)______. With this theory he also believed that an independent, strong upper class must exist, too. Francois Marie Arouet, whose pen name was (25)______, struggled against legal injustice before the law. Later in his life he was invited to live with Madame du Châtelet. As opposed to Montesquieu, this man believed that the best government a person could hope for was a good monarch. This is because he did not believe that people can govern themselves. His religious views were quite representative of the Enlightenment. He believed in a distant, deistic God who created the universe and let it run by itself. This God is sometimes known as the great (26)______. The Later Enlightenment followed the Enlightenment, and its thinkers exaggerated the Enlightenment ideas. For example, Baron Paul d’Holbach believed that human beings were machines completely determined by outside forces. Another Later Enlightenment thinker believed that since our ideas reflect our sense experiences, our reason cannot tell us anything that cannot be supported by sense experience. The name of the thinker with this theory was (27)______. Other thinkers started to attack the Enlightenment’s faith in reason, progress, and moderation; these people included Jean-Jacques Rousseau. Rousseau believed that the (28)______reflected the common interests of all the people; however these interests may be corrected a farseeing minority. Another thinker believed that serious thinkers ought to be able to have freedom to write their ideas publicly in print; this man was (29)______. Because of this lack of freedom of expression, many French philosophers such as d’Alembert and Fontenelle discussed and developed Enlightenment ideas in gatherings hosted by upper class women in private drawing rooms, or (30)______. One of the most famous meeting places was hosted by (31)______, who is the unofficial godmother of the Encyclopedia.

Many philosophers during the Enlightenment also believed that rulers needed to be enlightened. Many historians believed that the effects of the Enlightenment trickled to the monarchs, resulting in the (32)______of the eighteenth century. During the turn of the eighteenth, the improvement of technology, as well as improvements in farming, was the catalyst for the (33)______, which eliminated fallow lands as well as created mass production of food. This period utilized the idea of (34)______in order to suit different kinds of soil. These ideas led to the disintegration of the open field system and a shift to a new movement based on (35)______to better implement crop rotation. Another contribution made in the eighteenth century was the idea of general freedom of enterprise in foreign trade, known as (36)______. This concept was developed by a Scottish professor, (37)______; he wrote the book Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations. In the late eighteenth century, the outbreak of smallpox led to the established practice of (38)______, which was officially started by Lady Mary Wortley Montague. The flaws of her practice were later improved upon by (39)______, a talented country doctor who used cowpox in his vaccine instead of smallpox. Thus, the eighteenth century came to a close.

Answers:

1) The Prince

2) Machiavelli

3) individualism

4) humanism

5) Erasmus

6) secularism

7) cannon

8) magnetic compass

9) astrolabe

10) Aristotle

11) Copernicus

12) Copernican hypothesis

13) Kepler

14) Galileo

15) Inertia

16) telescope

17) Newton

18) Universal Gravitation

19) progress

20) Fontenelle

21) Bayle

22) tabula rasa

23) Montesquieu

24) separation of powers

25) Voltaire

26) Clockmaker

27) Hume

28) general will

29) Immanuel Kant

30) salons

31) Madame Geoffrin

32) Enlightened absolutism

33) Agricultural revolution

34) crop rotation

35) enclosure

36) capitalism

37) Adam Smith

38) smallpox inoculation

39) Jenner