Chapter 2
MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.
1)When studying perceptions, the term mental set refers to which of the following statements?
A)What an individual thinks is happening.
B)The individual's perception of what they want regardless of reality.
C)An individual's aggregate perceptions of work.
D)The factual influences in an individual's life.
2)Perceptual filters are those elements that describe which of the following?
A)How others view our words and actions.
B)Our attitudes about people and things.
C)Impulses we do not consciously eliminate.
D)An opinion formed with no basis or fact.
3)George made an inference about a situation occurring in his workplace. In doing so, how did he make his decision?
A)He made his decision based on a conclusion that society as a whole agrees is true.
B)He made his decision instantly without considering the benefit of fact or experience.
C)He reached a conclusion from information he knew or assumed to be true.
D)He reached a conclusion based on his confidence which has not been substantiated by positive knowledge or proof..
4)______is the act of attributing our own traits, faults, or motives onto others?
A)Inference
B) Halo effect
C)Projection
D) Two-valued reasoning
5)Chris made a snap judgment about why Charlie was late for work today. On what basis did Chris make his decision?
A)He made his decision based on what everyone in the workplace agreed was true.
B)He made his decision using a belief or conclusion he held with confidence but was not substantiated with any proof.
C)He made his decision using information he knew or assumed to be true.
D)He made his decision through an instant evaluation determined without the benefit of any fact or experience.
6)John made the assumption that because Bill is good at inventory ordering, he will automatically be good at data entry. On what basis is John making this decision?
A)He is using the halo effect.
B)He is using projection.
C)He is using the rusty halo effect.
D)He is a victim of the fallacy of composition.
7)Which of the following statements best describes the fallacy of composition?
A)The ignoring or distorting of reality to hold onto assumptions.
B)The assumption that when one event precedes another, the first caused the second.
C)The assumption that what is true for the whole is true for each of the parts.
D)The assumption that what is true of a part is true also of the whole.
8)Which of the following statements best describes the fallacy of division?
A)The assumption that when one event precedes another, the first caused the second.
B)The assumption that what is true of a part is true also of the whole.
C)The ignoring or distorting of reality to hold onto assumptions.
D)The assumption that what is true for the whole is true for each of the parts.
9)Which of the following statements best describes the fallacy of false cause (post hoc, ergo proper hoc)?
A)The assumption that what is true for the whole is true for each of the parts.
B)The ignoring or distorting of reality to hold onto assumptions.
C)The assumption that what is true of a part is true also of the whole.
D)The assumption that when one event precedes another, the first caused the second.
10)Which of the following statements best describes the fallacy of wishing it were so?
A)The ignoring or distorting of reality to hold onto assumptions.
B)The assumption that when one event precedes another, the first caused the second.
C)The assumption that what is true of a part is true also of the whole.
D)The assumption that what is true for the whole is true for each of the parts.
11)Which of the following statements best describes two-valued reasoning?
A)The process of reaching conclusions from feelings rather than from logic.
B)The act of not practicing what you preach and believing what is wrong for others is okay for you.
C)The recognition there may be more than two sides to a situation.
D)The process of viewing situations as either right or wrong with no possibilities in between.
12)Merle appears to make decisions based on his feelings rather than logical factors. In this situation, Merle is making decisions using which process?
A)Deduction
B) Intuition
C)Induction
D) Common sense
13)Jerry is 26 years old but looks 19. He has a B.S. degree in Computer Science and four years experience designing websites for successful e-Commerce businesses. He is being interviewed for the Web Designer position with a large retailer who currently does not have an e-Commerce site. The three interviewers are all Senior Brand Managers with virtually no web or e-Commerce experience or education. After the interview, one of the managers leaned over to the other two and says, "I've got pencils older than that kid! We can't hire him, the ink isn't even dry in his high school yearbook!" One of the other two laughed and nodded her head in agreement. The third manager looked doubtful but the other two kept talking until he caved in and agreed. Which of these are at work here?
1. Peer Pressure
2. Recency
3. Halo Effect
4. Snap Judgment
5. Facts
A)2, 3, and 4
B) 1 and 4
C) 5
D) 1 and 2
14)His suit is purple!!! That is all John could think about. The salesman talking to him was wearing a purple suit. When the salesman left, John thought, "If the salesperson looks like that, the whole company must dress like goofs!!" What type of reasoning is John using here?
A)Fallacy of Division
B) Two-Valued Reasoning
C)Logic
D) Fallacy of Composition
15)Jamison worked hard for his degree. He even had a mock diploma hanging over his desk as motivation. Graduation day was the proudest day of his life. Jamison was now pushing the employees he manages to enroll in college and get a degree. "If a degree meant so much to me," he reasoned, "it will mean much to them, and it will motivate them." What type of reasoning is Jamison using?
A)Multivalued Reasoning
B) Fallacy of Wishing it Were So
C)Fallacy of Division
D) Post Hoc, Ergo Propter Hoc
16)George believes women do not belong in the workplace. When Maureen applied for a job in his department, he knew just from looking at the name on her resume that she was not qualified for the job. Which determinant of perception is at play in this example?
A)Hereditary
B) Snap Judgment
C)Halo Effect
D) Peer Pressure
17)In the decision-making model outlined in your textbook, what is the first step in making a decision?
A)Option Implementation
B) Problem Recognition
C)Objective Setting
D) Problem Definition
18)Walt manages a quality control department for his firm. Unfortunately his department has a high level of turnover, and therefore he finds himself constantly involved in the process of interviewing for new employees. It could be said he is suffering from which pitfall to effective decision making?
A)Making unnecessary decisions
B) Putting out the same fire
C)Procrastination
D) Not considering the costs
SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.
19)Explain the relationship between problem solving and decision making.
20)Discuss the relationship between perception and decision-making.
21)Discuss the differences between facts and inferences.
22)Explain the relationship between problem-solving and decision-making.
23)Phyllis has been a high-performing, outstanding sales representative. The sales management position in her department is open and the VP of Sales believes Phyllis would be a great candidate for the position because of her track record as a sales rep. Which determinant of perception is at work here? Explain.
24)Discuss how your personal attitudes and beliefs impact your perceptions. Provide an example to support your answer.
Chapter 2 Answer Key
1)B
2)B
3)C
4)C
5)D
6)A
7)D
8)D
9)D
10)A
11)D
12)B
13)B
14)D
15)B
16)B
17)B
18)B
19 – 24) no answer provided