Electronic supplementary material

LanduseinLCA

A spatially-explicit data driven approach to assess the effect of agricultural land occupation on species groups

Pieter M. F. Elshout • Rosalie van Zelm • Ramkumar Karuppiah • Ian J. Laurenzi • Mark A. J. Huijbregts

Received: 8 Aril 2013 / Accepted: 6 January 2014

© Springer-Verlag 2013

Responsible editor: Thomas Koellner

P. M.F. Elshout () • R. van Zelm • M. A.J. Huijbregts

Radboud University Nijmegen, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Department of Environmental Science, P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen,The Netherlands

e-mail:

R. Karuppiah • I. J. Laurenzi

ExxonMobil Research and Engineering Company, 1545 Route 22 East, Annandale, NJ 08801-3059, USA

()Corresponding author:

Pieter M.F. Elshout

e-mail:

Tel: +31(0)24 365 20 60

Fax: +31(0)24 355 34 50

Index

1. Data collection process3

2. Frequency distributions of characterization factors5

3. Characterization factors, full list7

4. Statistical test results34

5. Characterization factor calculation example42

1. Data collection process

1. A search key in Web of Science was used to find publications containing cropland species richness data and a first selection was made based on the titles and abstracts of the 2,591 journal hits.

2. 250 publications were selected and checked for usefulness of data:

  • Was the type of crop cultivated specified?
  • Was survey data reported (either as total number of species, species richness per unit of area, or any other biodiversity index) at the species level?
  • Was the survey done during the growth period of the crop?
  • Was any reference data reported in the same publication?

3. Data on species richness, crop type, studied taxonomic group, sampling method, sampling effort, sampling period, location and farm management were combined in a data sheet. If coordinates of the location were not reported, these were identified with Google Earth based on the location description.

4. All data points were mapped on a global ecoregion map using ArcGIS 9.2 (ESRI). We determined the ecoregion and biome in which each data point lay and added this information to the data sheet.

5. Another search key in Web of Science based on the taxonomic group and location (i.e. ecoregion and country) was used to find reference land cover data and a selection was made based on the titles and abstracts.

6. The selected publications were checked for usefulness of data:

  • Was the type of natural landscape given and does this match the ecoregion description?
  • Were survey data reported for the same taxonomic group as the cropland data?
  • Were survey data reported in the same unit (i.e. total number of species, species richness per unit of area, or any other biodiversity index) and at the species level?

7. Data on species richness, vegetation type, studied taxonomic group, sampling method, sampling effort, sampling period and location were added to the data sheet.

8. For each combination of taxonomic group and ecoregion the sampling method and effort of the cropland and reference land cover studies were compared. If these were similar, a CF was calculated for each combination of categories. If data from multiple studies were available, CFs based on cropland and reference data from the same publication were preferred. Multiple data points within a study were first aggregated by calculating the mean CF for this study.

9. The available CFs were aggregated by deriving mediansbased on (1) combinations of crop type (Panicoideae, Pooideae, oil palm, low crops), species group (mammals, birds, arthropods and vascular plants) and location (biome) and (2) aggregation of all data available within a single crop group, species group or biome category.

1

2. Frequency distributions of characterization factors

Figure I:Frequency distributions of the original 152 characterization factors for birds, vascular plants, mammals and arthropods.

Figure II:Frequency distributions of the original 152 characterization factors for the crop categories Pooideae, Panicoideae, low crops, and oil palm.

Figure III:Frequency distributions of the original 152 characterization factors for eight biomes.

1

3. Characterization factors, full list

Table I:All characterization factors (CFs) per crop type, taxonomic group, biome and literature reference. Species richness (Scrop and Sref) represents the (average) number of species in one field or the total number of species in multiple fields. Reference data were collected from the same study (SS), from a different study in the same ecoregion (ECOR), or from a different study in the same biome (BIOME). CFs under CFplot are all 309 original CFs, often including multiple CFs per study for the same combination of crop type, taxonomic group, and biome. After averaging per study, a total of 152 CFs remained (CFstudy).

crop type / taxonomic group / biome / CFplot / CFstudy / ref. based on / Scrop / Sref / source Scrop / source Sref
barley / above-ground spiders / temperate grasslands / 0.45 / 0.45 / ECOR / 6 / 11 / Vink et al. (2004) / Topping & Lövei (1997)
barley / ground beetles / temperate grasslands / -0.12 / -0.12 / ECOR / 48 / 43 / Carcamo et al. (1995) / Bergeron et al. (2012); Niemelä et al (1992); Roughley et al. (2006)
barley / ground beetles / boreal forests/taiga / -1.30 / -1.30 / ECOR / 53 / 23 / Kinnunen & Tiainen (1999) / Koivula (2002)
barley / ground beetles / boreal forests/taiga / -0.60 / -0.75 / ECOR / 28 / 17.5 / Kinnunen et al. (2001) / Koivula (2002)
barley / ground beetles / boreal forests/taiga / -1.06 / ECOR / 36 / 17.5 / Kinnunen et al. (2001) / Koivula (2002)
barley / ground beetles / boreal forests/taiga / -0.31 / ECOR / 23 / 17.5 / Kinnunen et al. (2001) / Koivula (2002)
barley / ground beetles / boreal forests/taiga / -0.60 / ECOR / 28 / 17.5 / Kinnunen et al. (2001) / Koivula (2002)
barley / ground beetles / boreal forests/taiga / -1.17 / ECOR / 50 / 23 / Kinnunen et al. (2001) / Koivula (2002)
barley / weeds / temperate broadleaf forests / 0.87 / 0.88 / ECOR / 37 / 280 / Légère et al. (2005) / Flinn et al. (2008)
barley / weeds / temperate broadleaf forests / 0.89 / ECOR / 32 / 280 / Légère et al. (2005) / Flinn et al. (2008)
barley / weeds / temperate broadleaf forests / 0.87 / ECOR / 37 / 280 / Légère et al. (2005) / Flinn et al. (2008)
barley / weeds / temperate broadleaf forests / 0.90 / ECOR / 28 / 280 / Légère et al. (2005) / Flinn et al. (2008)
barley / weeds / boreal forests/taiga / 0.48 / 0.53 / ECOR / 32 / 61.4 / Hyvönen & Salonen (2002) / Juha (2004); Niemelä et al. (1994)
barley / weeds / boreal forests/taiga / 0.51 / ECOR / 30 / 61.4 / Hyvönen & Salonen (2002) / Juha (2004); Niemelä et al. (1994)
barley / weeds / boreal forests/taiga / 0.59 / ECOR / 25 / 61.4 / Hyvönen & Salonen (2002) / Juha (2004); Niemelä et al. (1994)
cassava / termites / tropical moist broadleaf forests / 0.97 / 0.97 / SS / 1 / 34 / Gillison et al. (2003) / Gillison et al. (2003)
cassava / weeds / tropical moist broadleaf forests / 0.85 / 0.92 / BIOME / 15 / 102 / Shrestha et al. (2010) / Gillison et al. (2003)
cassava / weeds / tropical moist broadleaf forests / 0.98 / BIOME / 2 / 102 / Shrestha et al. (2010) / Gillison et al. (2003)
cassava / weeds / tropical moist broadleaf forests / 0.85 / 0.85 / SS / 15 / 102 / Gillison et al. (2003) / Gillison et al. (2003)
cereal / above-ground leafhoppers / boreal forests/taiga / -0.44 / -0.44 / SS / 36 / 25 / Huusela-Veistola & Vasarainen (2000) / Huusela-Veistola & Vasarainen (2000)
cereal / birds / temperate broadleaf forests / 0.00 / 0.00 / ECOR / 28 / 28 / Kovács-Hostyánszki et al. (2011) / Magura et al. (2008)
cereal / birds / temperate broadleaf forests / -0.02 / -0.02 / ECOR / 58 / 57 / Eggers et al. (2011) / Soderstrom et al. (2001)
cereal / butterflies / temperate broadleaf forests / -0.12 / 0.00 / BIOME / 28 / 25 / Rundlöf et al. (2008) / Feest et al. (2011)
cereal / butterflies / temperate broadleaf forests / 0.12 / BIOME / 22 / 25 / Rundlöf et al. (2008) / Feest et al. (2011)
cereal / ground beetles / Mediterranean forests / 0.88 / 0.92 / ECOR / 4 / 32.5 / Errouissi et al. (2011) / Ouchtati et al. (2012)
cereal / ground beetles / Mediterranean forests / 0.94 / ECOR / 2 / 32.5 / Errouissi et al. (2011) / Ouchtati et al. (2012)
cereal / ground beetles / Mediterranean forests / 0.91 / ECOR / 3 / 32.5 / Errouissi et al. (2011) / Ouchtati et al. (2012)
cereal / ground beetles / Mediterranean forests / 0.91 / ECOR / 3 / 32.5 / Errouissi et al. (2011) / Ouchtati et al. (2012)
cereal / ground beetles / Mediterranean forests / 0.88 / ECOR / 4 / 32.5 / Errouissi et al. (2011) / Ouchtati et al. (2012)
cereal / ground beetles / Mediterranean forests / 0.94 / ECOR / 2 / 32.5 / Errouissi et al. (2011) / Ouchtati et al. (2012)
cereal / ground beetles / Mediterranean forests / 0.97 / ECOR / 1 / 32.5 / Errouissi et al. (2011) / Ouchtati et al. (2012)
cereal / ground beetles / Mediterranean forests / 0.97 / ECOR / 1 / 32.5 / Errouissi et al. (2011) / Ouchtati et al. (2012)
cereal / ground beetles / Mediterranean forests / 0.32 / 0.32 / SS / 22 / 32.5 / Ouchtati et al. (2012) / Ouchtati et al. (2012)
cereal / ground beetles / temperate broadleaf forests / -0.74 / -0.74 / ECOR / 75 / 43 / Batáry et al. (2008) / Seric Jelaska et al. (2010)
cereal / ground beetles / boreal forests/taiga / 0.00 / 0.03 / ECOR / 16.6 / 16.6 / Ekroos et al. (2010) / Koivula (2002)
cereal / ground beetles / boreal forests/taiga / 0.05 / ECOR / 15.7 / 16.6 / Ekroos et al. (2010) / Koivula (2002)
cereal / ground-dwelling & above-ground spiders / temperate broadleaf forests / 0.12 / 0.12 / BIOME / 30 / 34.3 / Samu & Szinetár (2002) / Ziesche & Roth (2008)
cereal / ground-dwelling beetle mites / Mediterranean forests / 0.68 / 0.68 / SS / 26 / 82 / Arroyo & Iturrondobeitia (2006) / Arroyo & Iturrondobeitia (2006)
cereal / ground-dwelling rove beetles / temperate broadleaf forests / -0.13 / -0.13 / ECOR / 17 / 15 / Good & Giller (1991) / Dennis et al. (1997)
cereal / ground-dwelling spiders / temperate broadleaf forests / 0.18 / 0.22 / BIOME / 28 / 34.3 / Ratschker & Roth (2000) / Ziesche & Roth (2008)
cereal / ground-dwelling spiders / temperate broadleaf forests / 0.18 / BIOME / 28 / 34.3 / Ratschker & Roth (2000) / Ziesche & Roth (2008)
cereal / ground-dwelling spiders / temperate broadleaf forests / 0.15 / BIOME / 29 / 34.3 / Ratschker & Roth (2000) / Ziesche & Roth (2008)
cereal / ground-dwelling spiders / temperate broadleaf forests / 0.04 / BIOME / 33 / 34.3 / Ratschker & Roth (2000) / Ziesche & Roth (2008)
cereal / ground-dwelling spiders / temperate broadleaf forests / 0.18 / BIOME / 28 / 34.3 / Ratschker & Roth (2000) / Ziesche & Roth (2008)
cereal / ground-dwelling spiders / temperate broadleaf forests / 0.12 / BIOME / 30 / 34.3 / Ratschker & Roth (2000) / Ziesche & Roth (2008)
cereal / ground-dwelling spiders / temperate broadleaf forests / 0.07 / BIOME / 32 / 34.3 / Ratschker & Roth (2000) / Ziesche & Roth (2008)
cereal / ground-dwelling spiders / temperate broadleaf forests / 0.27 / BIOME / 25 / 34.3 / Ratschker & Roth (2000) / Ziesche & Roth (2008)
cereal / ground-dwelling spiders / temperate broadleaf forests / 0.30 / BIOME / 24 / 34.3 / Ratschker & Roth (2000) / Ziesche & Roth (2008)
cereal / ground-dwelling spiders / temperate broadleaf forests / 0.36 / BIOME / 22 / 34.3 / Ratschker & Roth (2000) / Ziesche & Roth (2008)
cereal / ground-dwelling spiders / temperate broadleaf forests / 0.33 / BIOME / 23 / 34.3 / Ratschker & Roth (2000) / Ziesche & Roth (2008)
cereal / ground-dwelling spiders / temperate broadleaf forests / 0.30 / BIOME / 24 / 34.3 / Ratschker & Roth (2000) / Ziesche & Roth (2008)
cereal / ground-dwelling spiders / temperate broadleaf forests / 0.33 / BIOME / 23 / 34.3 / Ratschker & Roth (2000) / Ziesche & Roth (2008)
cereal / ground-dwelling spiders / temperate broadleaf forests / 0.47 / -0.04 / BIOME / 18 / 34.3 / Samu & Szinetár (2002) / Ziesche & Roth (2008)
cereal / ground-dwelling spiders / temperate broadleaf forests / -0.55 / BIOME / 53 / 34.3 / Samu & Szinetár (2002) / Ziesche & Roth (2008)
cereal / ground-dwelling spiders / temperate broadleaf forests / -0.05 / BIOME / 36 / 34.3 / Samu & Szinetár (2002) / Ziesche & Roth (2008)
cereal / small mammals / temperate broadleaf forests / 0.00 / 0.00 / SS / 10 / 10 / Heroldova et al. (2007) / Heroldova et al. (2007)
cereal / weeds / temperate broadleaf forests / -0.13 / -0.13 / ECOR / 114 / 100.7 / Hald (1999) / Borchsenius et al. (2004); Graae & Heskjaer (1997); Thomsen et al. (2005)
cereal / weeds / temperate broadleaf forests / 0.87 / 0.80 / ECOR / 45 / 341 / Salonen et al. (2001) / Soderstrom et al. (2001)
cereal / weeds / temperate broadleaf forests / 0.74 / ECOR / 89 / 341 / Salonen et al. (2001) / Soderstrom et al. (2001)
cereal / weeds / boreal forests/taiga / 0.17 / -0.10 / ECOR / 51 / 61.4 / Salonen et al. (2001) / Juha (2004); Niemelä et al. (1994)
cereal / weeds / boreal forests/taiga / 0.02 / ECOR / 60 / 61.4 / Salonen et al. (2001) / Juha (2004); Niemelä et al. (1994)
cereal / weeds / boreal forests/taiga / -0.53 / ECOR / 94 / 61.4 / Salonen et al. (2001) / Juha (2004); Niemelä et al. (1994)
cereal / weeds / boreal forests/taiga / -0.19 / ECOR / 73 / 61.4 / Salonen et al. (2001) / Juha (2004); Niemelä et al. (1994)
cereal / weeds / boreal forests/taiga / -0.45 / ECOR / 89 / 61.4 / Salonen et al. (2001) / Juha (2004); Niemelä et al. (1994)
cereal / weeds / boreal forests/taiga / -0.53 / ECOR / 94 / 61.4 / Salonen et al. (2001) / Juha (2004); Niemelä et al. (1994)
cereal / weeds / boreal forests/taiga / 0.25 / ECOR / 46 / 61.4 / Salonen et al. (2001) / Juha (2004); Niemelä et al. (1994)
cereal / weeds / boreal forests/taiga / 0.06 / ECOR / 58 / 61.4 / Salonen et al. (2001) / Juha (2004); Niemelä et al. (1994)
cereal / weeds / boreal forests/taiga / -0.04 / ECOR / 64 / 61.4 / Salonen et al. (2001) / Juha (2004); Niemelä et al. (1994)
cereal / weeds / boreal forests/taiga / 0.23 / ECOR / 47 / 61.4 / Salonen et al. (2001) / Juha (2004); Niemelä et al. (1994)
cereal / weeds / boreal forests/taiga / -0.11 / ECOR / 68 / 61.4 / Salonen et al. (2001) / Juha (2004); Niemelä et al. (1994)
cereal / weeds / boreal forests/taiga / -0.03 / ECOR / 63 / 61.4 / Salonen et al. (2001) / Juha (2004); Niemelä et al. (1994)
cereal / weeds / boreal forests/taiga / -0.01 / ECOR / 62 / 61.4 / Salonen et al. (2001) / Juha (2004); Niemelä et al. (1994)
cereal / weeds / boreal forests/taiga / -0.27 / ECOR / 78 / 61.4 / Salonen et al. (2001) / Juha (2004); Niemelä et al. (1994)
cereal / weeds / boreal forests/taiga / -0.22 / -0.13 / ECOR / 75 / 61.4 / Hyvönen et al. (2003) / Juha (2004); Niemelä et al. (1994)
cereal / weeds / boreal forests/taiga / -0.04 / ECOR / 64 / 61.4 / Hyvönen et al. (2003) / Juha (2004); Niemelä et al. (1994)
cereal / weeds / deserts and xeric shrublands / 0.76 / 0.76 / ECOR / 16 / 67.7 / Young & Thorne (2004) / Huntly et al. (2005); Bangert & Huntly (2010)
corn / ants / tropical moist broadleaf forests / 0.51 / 0.51 / SS / 18 / 37 / Ottonetti et al. (2010) / Ottonetti et al. (2010)
corn / ants / tropical dry broadleaf forests / 0.20 / 0.20 / SS / 4 / 5 / Castano-Meneses & Palacios-Vargas (2003) / Castano-Meneses & Palacios-Vargas (2003)
corn / bees / temperate broadleaf forests / 0.09 / 0.09 / SS / 42 / 46 / Gardiner et al. (2010) / Gardiner et al. (2010)
corn / beetles / temperate broadleaf forests / 0.85 / 0.85 / ECOR / 62 / 422 / Jodl et al. (1998) / Sobek et al. (2009)
corn / birds / temperate grasslands / 0.42 / 0.42 / BIOME / 24 / 41.5 / Galle et al. (2009) / Puchniak et al. (2012); Fritcher et al. (2004
corn / birds / tropical moist broadleaf forests / 0.67 / 0.67 / SS / 15 / 46 / Estrada & Coates-Estrada (2005) / Estrada & Coates-Estrada (2005)
corn / birds / tropical moist broadleaf forests / 0.83 / 0.83 / SS / 31 / 178 / Estrada et al. (1997) / Estrada et al. (1997)
corn / birds / temperate broadleaf forests / 0.63 / 0.63 / ECOR / 14 / 37.3 / Boutin et al. (1999) / Riffell et al. (2006); Bub et al. (2004)
corn / breeding birds / temperate broadleaf forests / 0.62 / 0.62 / SS / 5 / 13 / Paine et al. (1996) / Paine et al. (1996)
corn / ground beetles / temperate broadleaf forests / 0.00 / 0.00 / ECOR / 49 / 49 / Leslie et al. (2010) / MacLean & Usis (1992)
corn / ground beetles / temperate broadleaf forests / 0.55 / 0.53 / ECOR / 22 / 49 / Pavuk et al. (1997) / MacLean & Usis (1992)
corn / ground beetles / temperate broadleaf forests / 0.55 / ECOR / 22 / 49 / Pavuk et al. (1997) / MacLean & Usis (1992)
corn / ground beetles / temperate broadleaf forests / 0.55 / ECOR / 22 / 49 / Pavuk et al. (1997) / MacLean & Usis (1992)
corn / ground beetles / temperate broadleaf forests / 0.53 / ECOR / 23 / 49 / Pavuk et al. (1997) / MacLean & Usis (1992)
corn / ground beetles / temperate broadleaf forests / 0.45 / ECOR / 27 / 49 / Pavuk et al. (1997) / MacLean & Usis (1992)
corn / ground beetles / temperate grasslands / 0.52 / 0.45 / ECOR / 23 / 47.5 / Ellsbury et al. (1998) / Larsen & Work (2003)
corn / ground beetles / temperate grasslands / 0.39 / ECOR / 29 / 47.5 / Ellsbury et al. (1998) / Larsen & Work (2003)
corn / ground beetles / temperate broadleaf forests / 0.02 / 0.02 / BIOME / 22 / 22.5 / Ward & Ward (2001) / Seric Jelaska et al. (2010)
corn / ground beetles / temperate broadleaf forests / 0.59 / 0.54 / BIOME / 10 / 24.3 / Clark et al. (2006) / Seric Jelaska et al. (2010); MacLean & Usis (1992); Magura & Kodobocz (2007); Sroka & Finch (2006); Fahy & Gormally (1998); Poole et al. (2003)
corn / ground beetles / temperate broadleaf forests / 0.55 / BIOME / 11 / 24.3 / Clark et al. (2006) / Seric Jelaska et al. (2010); MacLean & Usis (1992); Magura & Kodobocz (2007); Sroka & Finch (2006); Fahy & Gormally (1998); Poole et al. (2003)
corn / ground beetles / temperate broadleaf forests / 0.47 / BIOME / 12.75 / 24.3 / Clark et al. (2006) / Seric Jelaska et al. (2010); MacLean & Usis (1992); Magura & Kodobocz (2007); Sroka & Finch (2006); Fahy & Gormally (1998); Poole et al. (2003)
corn / ground-dwelling beetle mites / temperate broadleaf forests / 0.83 / 0.83 / SS / 17 / 98 / Minor & Cianciolo (2007) / Minor & Cianciolo (2007)
corn / ground-dwelling dung beetles / tropical moist broadleaf forests / 0.07 / 0.07 / SS / 13 / 14 / Shahabuddin et al. (2005) / Shahabuddin et al. (2005)
corn / ground-dwelling meso-stigmata / temperate broadleaf forests / 0.31 / 0.31 / SS / 25 / 36 / Minor & Cianciolo (2007) / Minor & Cianciolo (2007)
corn / ground-dwelling spiders / temperate broadleaf forests / -0.12 / -0.12 / SS / 64 / 57 / Hibbert & Buddle (2008) / Hibbert & Buddle (2008)
corn / small mammals / temperate broadleaf forests / 0.40 / 0.40 / SS / 6 / 10 / Heroldova et al. (2007) / Heroldova et al. (2007)
corn / springtails / temperate grasslands / -3.67 / -4.79 / ECOR / 84 / 18 / Bitzer et al. (2005) / Brand & Dunn (1998); Brand (2002)
corn / springtails / temperate grasslands / -6.06 / ECOR / 127 / 18 / Bitzer et al. (2005) / Brand & Dunn (1998); Brand (2002)
corn / springtails / temperate grasslands / -6.94 / ECOR / 143 / 18 / Bitzer et al. (2005) / Brand & Dunn (1998); Brand (2002)
corn / springtails / temperate grasslands / -2.50 / ECOR / 63 / 18 / Bitzer et al. (2005) / Brand & Dunn (1998); Brand (2002)
corn / weeds / temperate broadleaf forests / 0.95 / 0.94 / BIOME / 8 / 166 / Huijser et al. (2004) / Zhang & Zhang (2007); Hedl et al. (2010)
corn / weeds / temperate broadleaf forests / 0.94 / BIOME / 10 / 166 / Huijser et al. (2004) / Zhang & Zhang (2007); Hedl et al. (2010)
corn / weeds / temperate broadleaf forests / 0.94 / BIOME / 10 / 166 / Huijser et al. (2004) / Zhang & Zhang (2007); Hedl et al. (2010)
corn / weeds / temperate grasslands / 0.96 / 0.96 / ECOR / 6 / 158 / Dieleman et al. (2000) / Collins et al. (2002)
corn / weeds / temperate grasslands / 0.96 / ECOR / 7 / 158 / Dieleman et al. (2000) / Collins et al. (2002)
corn / weeds / temperate broadleaf forests / 0.96 / 0.96 / ECOR / 7 / 160 / Zuo et al. (2008) / Zhang & Zhang (2007)
corn / weeds / temperate broadleaf forests / 0.94 / ECOR / 10 / 160 / Zuo et al. (2008) / Zhang & Zhang (2007)
corn / weeds / temperate broadleaf forests / 0.96 / ECOR / 7 / 160 / Zuo et al. (2008) / Zhang & Zhang (2007)
corn / weeds / temperate broadleaf forests / 0.96 / ECOR / 6 / 160 / Zuo et al. (2008) / Zhang & Zhang (2007)
corn / weeds / temperate broadleaf forests / 0.96 / ECOR / 7 / 160 / Zuo et al. (2008) / Zhang & Zhang (2007)
corn / weeds / temperate broadleaf forests / 0.94 / ECOR / 9 / 160 / Zuo et al. (2008) / Zhang & Zhang (2007)
corn / weeds / temperate broadleaf forests / 0.96 / ECOR / 6 / 160 / Zuo et al. (2008) / Zhang & Zhang (2007)
corn / weeds / temperate broadleaf forests / 0.96 / ECOR / 6 / 160 / Zuo et al. (2008) / Zhang & Zhang (2007)
corn / weeds / temperate broadleaf forests / 0.96 / ECOR / 6 / 160 / Zuo et al. (2008) / Zhang & Zhang (2007)
corn / weeds / temperate broadleaf forests / 0.96 / ECOR / 6 / 160 / Zuo et al. (2008) / Zhang & Zhang (2007)
corn / weeds / temperate broadleaf forests / 0.98 / ECOR / 4 / 160 / Zuo et al. (2008) / Zhang & Zhang (2007)
corn / weeds / temperate broadleaf forests / 0.98 / ECOR / 3 / 160 / Zuo et al. (2008) / Zhang & Zhang (2007)
corn / weeds / temperate broadleaf forests / 0.96 / ECOR / 7 / 160 / Zuo et al. (2008) / Zhang & Zhang (2007)
corn / weeds / temperate broadleaf forests / 0.97 / ECOR / 5 / 160 / Zuo et al. (2008) / Zhang & Zhang (2007)
corn / weeds / temperate broadleaf forests / 0.96 / ECOR / 6 / 160 / Zuo et al. (2008) / Zhang & Zhang (2007)
corn / weeds / temperate broadleaf forests / 0.97 / ECOR / 5 / 160 / Zuo et al. (2008) / Zhang & Zhang (2007)
corn / weeds / temperate broadleaf forests / 0.98 / ECOR / 4 / 160 / Zuo et al. (2008) / Zhang & Zhang (2007)
corn / weeds / temperate broadleaf forests / 0.93 / 0.93 / ECOR / 22 / 307 / Swanton et al. (2006) / Burke et al. (2008)
corn / weeds / temperate broadleaf forests / 0.92 / ECOR / 24 / 307 / Swanton et al. (2006) / Burke et al. (2008)
corn / weeds / temperate broadleaf forests / 0.88 / 0.86 / BIOME / 15 / 121 / Mulugeta et al. (2001) / Burke et al. (2008); Zhang & Zhang (2007)
corn / weeds / temperate broadleaf forests / 0.88 / BIOME / 15 / 121 / Mulugeta et al. (2001) / Burke et al. (2008); Zhang & Zhang (2007)
corn / weeds / temperate broadleaf forests / 0.84 / BIOME / 19 / 121 / Mulugeta et al. (2001) / Burke et al. (2008); Zhang & Zhang (2007)
corn / weeds / temperate broadleaf forests / 0.91 / BIOME / 11 / 121 / Mulugeta et al. (2001) / Burke et al. (2008); Zhang & Zhang (2007)
corn / weeds / temperate broadleaf forests / 0.90 / BIOME / 12 / 121 / Mulugeta et al. (2001) / Burke et al. (2008); Zhang & Zhang (2007)
corn / weeds / temperate broadleaf forests / 0.76 / BIOME / 29 / 121 / Mulugeta et al. (2001) / Burke et al. (2008); Zhang & Zhang (2007)
corn / weeds / temperate broadleaf forests / 0.68 / 0.68 / ECOR / 35 / 109 / Cook et al. (2007) / Peterson & Reich (2008)
corn / weeds / temperate broadleaf forests / 0.45 / 0.47 / ECOR / 35 / 64 / Hiltbrunner et al. (2008) / Degen et al. (2005)
corn / weeds / temperate broadleaf forests / 0.48 / ECOR / 33 / 64 / Hiltbrunner et al. (2008) / Degen et al. (2005)
miscanthus / beetles / temperate broadleaf forests / 0.85 / 0.85 / ECOR / 62 / 422 / Jodl et al. (1998) / Sobek et al. (2009)
miscanthus / butterflies / temperate broadleaf forests / 0.40 / 0.40 / BIOME / 15 / 25 / Semere & Slater (2007) / Feest et al. (2011)
miscanthus / butterflies / temperate broadleaf forests / 0.40 / BIOME / 15 / 25 / Semere & Slater (2007) / Feest et al. (2011)
miscanthus / ground beetles / temperate broadleaf forests / 0.51 / 0.51 / ECOR / 6.6 / 13.5 / Semere & Slater (2007) / Fahy & Gormally (1998); Poole et al. (2003)
miscanthus / ground beetles / temperate broadleaf forests / 0.51 / ECOR / 6.6 / 13.5 / Semere & Slater (2007) / Fahy & Gormally (1998); Poole et al. (2003)
miscanthus / weeds / temperate broadleaf forests / 0.54 / 0.36 / ECOR / 14 / 30.5 / Semere & Slater (2007) / Fahy & Gormally (1998); Poole et al. (2003)
miscanthus / weeds / temperate broadleaf forests / 0.18 / ECOR / 25 / 30.5 / Semere & Slater (2007) / Fahy & Gormally (1998); Poole et al. (2003)
oil palm / arboreal beetles / tropical moist broadleaf forests / 0.77 / 0.77 / SS / 40 / 174 / Chung et al. (2000) / Chung et al. (2000)
oil palm / bats / tropical moist broadleaf forests / 0.88 / 0.88 / SS / 1 / 8 / Danielsen & Heegaard (1995) / Danielsen & Heegaard (1995)
oil palm / bees / tropical moist broadleaf forests / -1.13 / -1.13 / SS / 17 / 8 / Liow et al. (2001) / Liow et al. (2001)
oil palm / birds / tropical moist broadleaf forests / 0.60 / 0.60 / ECOR / 37 / 92.5 / Koh (2008) / Sheldon et al. (2010)
oil palm / birds / tropical moist broadleaf forests / 0.66 / 0.72 / ECOR / 24 / 70 / Sheldon & Styring (2011) / Sheldon et al. (2010)
oil palm / birds / tropical moist broadleaf forests / 0.79 / ECOR / 24 / 115 / Sheldon & Styring (2011) / Sheldon et al. (2010)
oil palm / birds / tropical moist broadleaf forests / 0.86 / 0.89 / ECOR / 22 / 157 / Najera & Simonetti (2010) / Anderson (2009)
oil palm / birds / tropical moist broadleaf forests / 0.92 / ECOR / 12 / 157 / Najera & Simonetti (2010) / Anderson (2009)
oil palm / birds / tropical moist broadleaf forests / 0.33 / 0.49 / SS / 130 / 194 / Azhar et al. (2011) / Azhar et al. (2011)
oil palm / birds / tropical moist broadleaf forests / 0.65 / SS / 67 / 194 / Azhar et al. (2011) / Azhar et al. (2011)
oil palm / birds / tropical moist broadleaf forests / 0.75 / 0.75 / SS / 40 / 159 / Koh & Wilcove (2008) / Koh & Wilcove (2008)
oil palm / birds / tropical moist broadleaf forests / 0.75 / SS / 40 / 159 / Koh & Wilcove (2008) / Koh & Wilcove (2008)
oil palm / birds / tropical moist broadleaf forests / 0.75 / 0.75 / SS / 17 / 67 / Danielsen & Heegaard (1995) / Danielsen & Heegaard (1995)
oil palm / birds / tropical moist broadleaf forests / 0.62 / 0.62 / SS / 41 / 108 / Aratrakorn et al. (2006) / Aratrakorn et al. (2006)
oil palm / bird’s nest ants / tropical moist broadleaf forests / 0.03 / 0.03 / SS / 35 / 36 / Fayle et al. (2010) / Fayle et al. (2010)
oil palm / butterflies / tropical moist broadleaf forests / 0.54 / 0.54 / SS / 12 / 26 / Benedick (2005) / Benedick (2005)
oil palm / canopy ants / tropical moist broadleaf forests / 0.52 / 0.52 / SS / 58 / 120 / Fayle et al. (2010) / Fayle et al. (2010)
oil palm / canopy ants / tropical moist broadleaf forests / 0.87 / 0.87 / SS / 36 / 280 / Pfeiffer et al. (2008) / Pfeiffer et al. (2008)
oil palm / canopy ants / tropical moist broadleaf forests / 0.86 / 0.86 / SS / 39 / 280 / Pfeiffer et al. (2008) / Pfeiffer et al. (2008)
oil palm / ground beetles / tropical moist broadleaf forests / 0.87 / 0.87 / SS / 75 / 557 / Chung et al. (2000) / Chung et al. (2000)
oil palm / ground-dwelling ants / tropical moist broadleaf forests / 0.88 / 0.93 / SS / 23 / 187 / Brühl & Eltz (2010) / Brühl & Eltz (2010)
oil palm / ground-dwelling ants / tropical moist broadleaf forests / 0.95 / SS / 10 / 187 / Brühl & Eltz (2010) / Brühl & Eltz (2010)
oil palm / ground-dwelling ants / tropical moist broadleaf forests / 0.93 / SS / 14 / 187 / Brühl & Eltz (2010) / Brühl & Eltz (2010)