A.P. Psychology
Mr. Lewis
A.P. Exam Review terms from released Exams 1994, 1999, 2008, 2012 (Original list based on1999 released Exam. * next to terms on 1994 exam. ! next to terms from 2008 practice exam. # next to terms on the 2012 exam.)
Research
longitudinal research*
cross-cultural research
cross-sectional research*
experiment#
cause and effect
correlational research
survey research!
case study
naturalistic observation
independent variable
dependent variable#
control
control group!
sample!
population!
random sampling
representative#
randomization!
operational definition!
standard deviation!
sampling bias!
experimenter bias!
double blind
linear regression
correlation
scattergrams#
significant difference
statistical significance
positive skew, negative skew
factor analysis!
ethics#
replication#
normal distribution#
Theories/Fields
psychoanalytic
humanistic (phenomenological)
cognitive
sociobiological
behavioral
evolutionary
biomedical
behavioral!
socio-cultural
Industrial-Organizational (IO) Psychology#
Community psychologists#
Disorders/Therapy
mania*
hypochondria
depression*
fugue
personality disorders
schizophrenia*!
anxiety disorders
generalized anxiety disorder
somatoform disorders# (somatization)
panic attack (disorders)#
dissociative disorders
dissociative identity disorder (multiple personality disorder)!
narcissistic personality disorder!
placebo effect!
phobias*
simple phobia!
specific phobia#
bulimia nervosa
antisocial personality
delusions
paraphilias
hallucinations*!#
obsessions!
compulsions!
psychosis, psychotic disorders#
conversion disorder
somatization disorder!
obsessive-compulsive disorder!#
withdrawal symptoms*
deinstitutionalization
bipolar disorder*#
disorganized (hebephrenic) schizophrenia*
personality disorders: antisocial, histrionic, passive-aggressive, narcissistic, borderline, dependent!
client-centered
unconditional positive regard
rational-emotive
systematic desensitization, anxiety hierarchies
transference
catharsis!
flooding
milieu therapy
family therapy
group therapy#
psychoanalysis
cognitive therapy#
Rational-emotive therapy#
maladaptive, deviance, personal distress
Fetal alcohol syndrome!
Down syndrome!
Autistic disorder!
ADHD!
Phenylketonuria!
mesmerism
Axis I, II, III, IV, V!
diathesis-stress theory
biomedical#
self-actualization#
behavior therapy#
deviation from social norms#
Development
parenting styles: authoritarian, authoritative, permissive, rejecting/neglecting
sex-role stereotyping
gender constancy
sex-role identity
androgyny
attachment theory#
Erikson’s stages of psychosocial development
Harry Harlow!#
contact comfort
Carol Gilligan!#
Lawrence Kohlberg!#
pre-conventional, conventional, post-conventional
Jean Piaget
sensorimotor, preoperational#, concrete operational, formal operational
Renee Baillargeon!
object permanence#
conservation#
Lev Vygotsky!
zone of proximal development
Mary Ainsworth!
attachment theory
rooting#
babbling#
telegraphic speech
Social Psychology
the social desirability bias!
the bystander effect!
power of the situation, fundamental attribution error
research on attraction
cognitive dissonance#
diffusion of responsibility
social facilitation
social (group) norm
stereotype#
stereotype threat!
buffers, rebellion, surveillance, ideological justification
Stanley Milgram!
Solomon Asch#
conformity#
social loafing
social facilitation
group think
group polarization#
fundamental attribution error!#
self-fulfilling prophecy!
self-serving bias
cognitive dissonance theory!
attribution theory
just-world hypothesis
belief perseverance
overjustification effect
factors in attraction: proximity, similarity
foot-in-the-door phenomenon#
Sensation & Perception
parts of the ear: semicircular canal#, ossicle, pinna, cochlea, oval window
paranormal psychology
depth perception cues*
binocular depth perception
monocular depth perception
size constancy#
taste receptors: bitter, sweet, salty, sour
transduction
habituation#
signal detection theory
sound conduction
frequency# (pitch)
dichotic listening, cocktail party phenomenon
homunculus
Trichromatic theory!
opponent-process theory
binocular vision
stroboscopic movement
absolute threshold, difference threshold!
parts of the eye: rods, cones, lens, pupil, iris, optic nerve, cornea, retina, fovea#, blind spot
cones and rods, bipolar cells#, ganglion cells#, optic nerve
semicircular canals#
psychophysics
gate-control theory
phantom pain
figure-ground#
Hubel and Wiesel, neuron specialization in perception
Motivation & Emotion
facial expressions (Paul Ekman research)
facial feedback hypothesis
James-Lange theory
Cannon-Bard theory*
Schacter-Singer theory#
two-factor theory
opponent-process theory
satiation
arousal theory
intrinsic motivation
extrinsic motivation
incentive motivation#
drive reduction theory
mere-exposure effect
universality of basis emotions#
homeostasis#
aggression#
Cognitive (Memory, Intelligence, Thinking, Language)
memory processes: retrieval, storage, rehearsal, encoding, transfer
types of memory: semantic, flashbulb, procedural#, episodic, priming, recognition, recall, retrieval!, iconic, short-term!
anterograde amnesia
retrograde amnesia
Broca’s aphasia
Broca’s area#
Wernicke’s area!
retroactive interference*
proactive interference*
serial position effects!#
phonemes*#, morphemes*, syntax, semantics, lexicon!
language acquisition devise!
I.Q., Stanford-Binet, Alfred Binet#
score of 100
nature v. nurture and IQ
percentile rank#
schema
assimilation!
accommodation
conservation
reversibility
object permanence
metacognition
abstract thinking
test norming
problem solving strategies
heuristic#
achievement test, aptitude test
Noam Chomsky
reliability#
split-half reliability
test-retest, alternate form
standardization
test standardization#
crystallized intelligence, fluid intelligence
expectancy
set
predictive validity#
construct validity
content validity
availability heuristic!
representativeness heuristic
algorithm!
functional fixedness#
Charles Spearman
g
levels of processing#
self-fulfilling prophecy#
Whorf#
linguistic relativity hypothesis#
creativity#
Learning
behaviorism
Skinnerian psychology
classical conditioning!
CR, CS, UCS
latent learning!
observational learning!
avoidance learning!
counterconditioning!
aversive conditioning!
punishment*
Edward Thorndike!
Law of Effect!
fixed action pattern
adaptation
taste aversion studies
extinction
latent learning
shaping#
chaining
punishment
intermittent reinforcement!
positive reinforcement*
negative reinforcement+
generalization
stimulus generalization#
spontaneous recovery
schedules of reinforcement: fixed-ratio, fixed-interval, variable- ratio#, variable-interval
omission training
learned helplessness#
modeling
insight learning
spontaneous recovery
token economy!
Rescorla’s contingency model
Biological
cerebral cortex
pituitary gland
frontal lobe
brain stem
medulla#
hypothalamus
thalamus
hippocampus!#
reticular formation, reticular activating system
amygdala
somatosensory cortex
occipital lobe
corpus callosum
cerebellum
eugenics
acetylcholine!
endorphins and enkephalins
dopamine!
norepinephrine!
serotonin!
GABA!
SSRIs
tricyclics
somatotropin
neurotransmitter deficiency
hemisphere specialization, split-brain research
lesioning
electroencephalography (EEG)!
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)!
functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)!
positron emission tomography (PET)!#
computerized axial tomography (CAT, CT)!
electromyography (EMG)
ventromedial hypothalamus!
brain lobe function: occipital. temporal, frontal, parital!
action potential#
terminal buttons#
refractory period
antagonist, agonist!
excitatory, inhibitory neurotransmitters!
endocrine system#
reflex arc#
Personality
id, ego, superego*#
fixation
self-report personality tests
projective tests#
Rorschach#
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)#
defense mechanisms: suppression*,repression*, projection!#
phrenology
objective tests
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory – 2#
locus of control
sel-efficacy
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs#
Health & Stress
posttraumatic stress
Hans Selye: general adaptation syndrome*
approach-approach, avoidance-avoidance, approach-avoidance
denial, anger, bargaining, depression, acceptance
homeostasis
autonomic nervous system
sympathetic nervous system#
parasympathetic nervous system
polygraph, lie detection, physiological arousal!
immune system#
cardiovascular disease#
biofeedback
Consciousness
circadian rhythm#
altered states of consciousness
hypnosis
cocaine, caffeine, Benzedrine, amphetamines
alcohol tolerance
barbiturates, alcohol
sleep apnea!
insomnia!
night terrors!
REM rebound effect!
REM
drug types: opiates, amphetamines, depressants, hallucinogen, stimulant
benzodiazepines!
neuroleptics!
sleep and learning!
selective attention
narcolepsy#