Exam 2, LIFS241, 26 October 20031
NAME:
1. Which part of the vascular system holds the largest blood volume as % of total blood?
a. large arteriesb. the heartc. veinsd. capillaries
2.Normally blood flows from heart to arteries to capillaries to veins and finally back to the heart. However, in two portal systems, one of the following routes of blood flow exists.
a.heart arteries capillaries veins capillaries veins heart
b.heart arteries capillaries arteries heart
c.heart veins capillaries arteries capillaries veins heart
d.heart capillaries arteries veins heart
3. To increase the blood flow to the kidneys and to decrease the blood flow to the intestines simultaneously, you should expect the arteries in the kidneys and the intestines to ___ and ___.
a. constrict/constrict b. dilate/dilate c. constrict/dilated. dilate/constrict
4.If a person’s arterial pressure fluctuates between 110 mmHg and 80 mmHg during a cardiac cycle, what is the mean arterial pressure?
a. 85 mmHgb. 80 mmHgc. 75 mmHgd. 90 mmHg
5. Where does the blood pressure fluctuate significantly?
a. arteries b. capillaries c. small veins d. all of a, b, and c
6. Which of the following can increase the peripheral resistance?
a. an increase in the blood viscosity b. an increase in the blood vessel diameter
c. a decrease in the blood vessel length
7. Which of the following factors can be quickly changed under physiological (normal) conditions?
a. blood viscosityb. blood vessel diameterc. blood vessel length
8. At resting, do all capillaries receive blood flow simultaneously or they take turns to open and get blood supply?
a. All capillaries are open all the time.
b. Only a quarter of capillaries receive blood flow at most times.
9.Capillary wall is usually not permeable to ____.
a. glucoseb. NaClc. waterd. proteins
10.Plasma components penetrate capillary wall through the following routes except ___.
a. intercellular cleftb. intercalated discsc. fenestrationd. endothelial cell body
11. If a patient with liver disease produces much less plasma proteins than before, which of the following will more likely happen?
a. decrease in the volume of tissue fluidb. increase in the volume of tissue fluid (edema)
c. no change in the volume of tissue fluid
12. Reabsorption is the process of ____.
a. net fluid movement from plasma to interstitium
b. net fluid movement from interstitium to plasma
c. diffusion of individual small ions from plasma into interstitium
13. Plasma is a ___.
a. colloid b. solutionc. suspension
14.Under osmotic pressure, water flows from one compartment to another compartment that contains ___ solutes.
a. moreb. lessc. equal number of
15. The net force after combining the hydrostatic and osmotic pressures is in favor of reabsorption at ____of the capillaries.
a. the arterial endb. both arterial and venous endc. venous end
16.Which of the followings is likely caused by defective venous valves?
a. heart murmurb. varicose veins c. faster venous blood flow towards right atrium
17.If mean arterial blood pressure drops suddenly, the baroreceptor-mediated reflex will initiate ___
a. vasoconstriction and an increase in heart rate
b. vasodilation and a decrease in heart rate
c. vasoconstriction and a decrease in heart rate
18. Sympathetic nerves innervate ___ blood vessels ___ parasympathetic nerves.
a. as many/asb. more/thanc. less/than
19. Which of the following hormones is primarily a vasodilator?
a. norepinephrine b. angiotensin II c. vasopressind. atrial natriuretic factor (peptide)
20. Which of the following statement is incorrect?
a. Renin is an enzyme.b. Renin is secreted by the kidneys.
c. Renin is secreted to correct high blood pressure.
21. Angiotensin II ___.
a. induces vasodilationb. inhibits aldosterone secretionc. stimulates thirst
22. Accumulation of adenosine in the tissue fluid would intend to cause ___ of the local arterioles.
a. vasoconstriction b. vasodilationc. contraction of precapillary sphincters
23. As the myogenic response, a sudden decrease in the pressure inside a small artery would trigger ____ of this artery.
a. dilationb. constrictionc. neither dilation nor constriction
24. The primary goal of blood vessel autoregulation is to maintain ____.
a. mean arterial blood pressureb. blood supply to the local tissue
25.The primary function of lymphatic vessels involves ____.
a. collecting excess tissue fluidb. delivering glucose to tissue cells
c. collecting CO2 in the tissues
26.One unique function of lymphatic vessels is to help ____.
a. transport fat from intestinal epithelium into blood
b. deliver cholesterol from the blood to tissue cells
c. carry nutrients from the blood to tissue cells
27. Lymph flows due to ___.
a. the pumping of the heartb. rhythmic contraction of lymphatic vessels
28.Lymphatic capillaries are ___ blood capillaries.
a. more permeable thanb. less permeable thanc. as permeable as
29. Which of the following is not considered lymphoid organ?
a. spleenb. lymph nodes c. thymus d. lymphatic ducts
30. Which organ ruptures more easily in a car accident?
a. the stomachb. the heartc. the intestines d. the spleen
31.Thymus is ____ important in adults than young kids.
a. moreb. lessc. equally
32. The cardinal signs of inflammation include all of the following except ___.
a. swellingb. yellowc. paind. heat
33.Some of the signs of inflammation result from ___.
a. local vasodilationb. local vasoconstriction
c. the decrease in blood capillary permeability
34.Pyrogen ___.
a. induces feverb. is secreted by RBCsc. stimulates pituitary to secret growth hormone
35.Humeral immunity involves the long term immune response of ______.
a. antigensb. antibodiesc. antiglobinsd. antigravity
36.B-cells fight infections by doing which of the following:
a. dividing rapidlyb. producing antibodies
c. forming memory cellsd. all of the above
37.Antibodies work by doing what to the foreign particle?
a. binding to themb. infusing them with toxin
c. merging with themd. extracting the DNA from the foreign cell
38.All of the following are involved with cellular immunity except ______.
a. cytotoxic T-cellsb. helper T-cells
c. suppressor T-cellsd. poison T-cells
39. Cytotoxic T-cells attack enemy cells by injecting perforin, which ______.
a. forms a waxy coat on the enemy cell.b. denatures the DNA of the enemy cell.
c. punches holes in the cell membraned. targets tumor cells
40.Anaphaylatic shock is the response to a(an) ______toxin.
a. contactb. injectedc. inhaledd. rubbed
41. Bubble babies are examples of individuals suffering from ______.
a. AIDSb. HIVc. SCIDd. TB
42.Gas exchange between the air and the blood occurs in ____.
a. tracheab. bronchic. alveolid. all of a, b, and c.
43.Pulmonary ventilation refers to ___.
a. gas exchange between the air and the bloodb. air flow in and out of the lungs
c. oxygen transport by the bloodd. gas exchange between the blood and tissue cells
44.The driving force for inspiration originates from the contraction of ___.
a. the lungsb. the diaphragmc. abdominal musclesd. bronchi
45.Where cartilage is missing?
a. in the wall of tracheab. in the wall of bronchic. in the wall of bronchioles
46.Provided the barometric pressure is 760 mmHg, a pulmonary pressure of 757 mmHg could likely be measured ___.
a. during inspirationb. after the end of inspiration but before expiration
c. during expiration
47.The function of cilia in the respiratory tract is to ___.
a. clear debris that are trapped in the mucusb. help drive air in and out of the lungs
c. help gas exchange between air and the blood
48.If pleural cavity is leaky to the external environment, the related lungs would ___ to expand along with the thoracic cage during inspiration.
a. be ableb. not be able
49.Without surfactant in the alveoli of pre-term infants, the ____ will increase.
a. resistance against inspiration b. resistance against expiration
c. resistance against both inspiration and expiration
50. An increase in airway resistance will make ___ more difficult.
a. only inspirationb. only expiration c. both inspiration and expiration
51.Which of the following is not part of the dead space?
a. tracheab. nosec. bronchid. alveoli
52.Under which conditions, expiration becomes more difficult?
a. increased surface tensionb. increased elastic resistance
c. increased airway resistance
53.The respiratory rhythm is generated by cells in ___.
a. the lungsb. the medulla oblongatac. the hypothalamus d. the spinal cord
54.If the pons were damaged, respiration would most likely ___.
a. stopb. not be changed much
c. become less smooth at the transition between inspiration and expiration
55.Which part of the brain fine-tunes respiration so that the transition between inspiration and expiration becomes very smooth.
a. medulla oblongatab. the ponsc. the cerebral cortexd. the hypothalamus
56.A transient decrease in pH of blood and cerebrospinal fluid would most likely___ respiration.
a. stimulateb. inhibitc. not affect
57.If the total pressure of the air in the lungs is 760 mmHg and 10% of the air is oxygen, the partial pressure of oxygen there is ___.
a. 104 mmHgb. 40 mmHg c. 76 mmHgd. 46 mmHg
58.Pulmonary emphysema causes___
a. downsizing of respiration membraneb. thinning of respiration membrane
c. a decrease in respiratory resistance
59.Which of the following conditions compromises pulmonary gas exchange due to the increase in the thickness of respiratory membrane?
a. high altitude b. pneumoniac. asthma
60.___ oxygen in the blood is normally carried by RBCs.
a. ~10%b. ~50%c. ~99%d. ~80%
61. Hemoglobin is involved in transporting ___.
a. oxygen but not carbon dioxideb. carbon dioxide but not oxygen
c. both oxygen and carbon dioxide
62.Oxygen binds to hemoglobin less tightly if the surrounding ___.
a. Pco2 decreasesb.pH increasesc. Po2 decreases
63.In most resting tissues, what percent of total oxygen in arterial blood is normally taken by tissue cells?
a. 5-10%b. 20-30% c. 80-90%
64.If you separate the formed elements of the blood from plasma by centrifugation, you will find ____.
a. more oxygen in the plasmab. more oxygen in the formed elements
c. equal amount of oxygen in the plasma and the formed elements.
65. In which of the following places, PCO2 (partial pressure of carbon dioxide) is the highest?
a. alveolar airb. blood in the systemic arteries
c. blood in the arterial end of systemic capillariesd. blood in the systemic veins
66.Which of the following statements about oxygen is FALSE ?
a. More ATP is generated from glucose in the presence of oxygen than without oxygen.
b. Oxygen is a nutrient.
c. Oxygen cannot be produced by human being.
d. Exposure to excessive oxygen will not cause any damage to tissue cells.
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