Biological Molecules & Cell Compounds
q Describe how the polarity of the water molecules results in hydrogen bonding.
q Describe the role of water as a solvent, temperature regulator, and lubricant.
q Distinguish among acids, bases, and buffers, and indicate the importance of pH to biological systems.
q Demonstrate a knowledge of synthesis and hydrolysis as applied to organic polymers.
q Distinguish among carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids with respect to chemical structure.
q Recognise the empirical formula of a carbohydrate.
q Differentiate among monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides.
q Differentiate among starch, cellulose, and glycogen.
q List the main functions of carbohydrates.
q Compare and contrast saturated and unsaturated fats in terms of molecular structure.
q Describe the location and explain the importance of the following in the human body: neutral fats, steroids, phospholipids.
q Draw a generalised amino acid and identify the amine, acid (carboxyl), and R-groups.
q Differentiate among the primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structure of protein.
q List the major functions of proteins.
q Relate the general structure of the ATP molecule to its role as the "energy currency" of cells.
Dna & protein synthesis
q Name the four bases in DNA and describe the structure of DNA using the following terms:
q nucleotide (sugar, phosphate, base)
q complementary base pairing
q double helix
q hydrogen bonding
q Describe DNA replication with the reference to three basic steps:
q "unzipping"
q complementary base pairing
q joining of adjacent nucleotides
q Define recombinant DNA
q Describe three uses of recombinant DNA
q Compare and contrast the general structural composition of DNA and RNA
q Demonstrate a knowledge of the basic steps of protein synthesis, identifying the roles of DNA, mRNA, tRNA and ribosomes in the processes of transcription and translation
q Determine the sequence of amino acids coded for by a specific DNA sequence, given a table of mRNA codons.
q Give examples of two environmental mutagens that can cause mutations in humans.
q Use examples to explain how mutations in DNA affect protein synthesis and may lead to genetic disorders.
Cell Structure
q Describe the following cell structures and their functions:
BIO_OMES.DOC - Page 3 of 4
q cell membrane
q mitochondria
q smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum
q ribosomes
q Golgi bodies
q vesicles
q vacuoles
q lysosomes
q nuclear envelope
q nucleus
q nucleolus
q chromosomes
BIO_OMES.DOC - Page 4 of 4
q Identify the functional interrelationships of cell structures.
q Identify the cell structures in diagrams and electron micrographs.
Cell Membrane and Cellular Transport
q Apply knowledge of organic molecules to explain the structure and function of the fluid mosaic membrane model.
q explain why the cell membrane is described as "selectively permeable."
q Compare and contrast the following diffusion, facilitated transport, osmosis, active transport.
q Explain factors that affect the rate of diffusion across a cell membrane.
q Describe endocytosis, including phagocytosis and pinocytosis, and contrast it with exocytosis.
q Predict the effects of hypertonic, isotonic, and hypotonic environments on animal cells.
q Collect, display, and interpret data.
q Demonstrate an understanding of the relationship and significance of surface area to volume, with reference to cell size.
ENZYMES
q Demonstrate an understanding of the following terms: metabolism, enzyme, substrate, coenzyme, activation energy.
q Identify the source gland for thyroxin and relate the function of thyroxin to metabolism.
q Explain the "lock and key" model of enzymatic action.
q Identify the role of vitamins in biochemical reactions.
q Differentiate between the roles of enzymes and coenzymes in biochemical reactions.
q Apply knowledge of proteins to explain effects on enzyme activity of pH, temperature, substrate concentration, enzyme concentration, competitive inhibitors, and heavy metals.
q Devise an experiment using the scientific method.
DIGESTION
q Identify and give a function for each of the following parts of the digestive system:
q mouth / q cardiac sphincter / q small intestineq tongue / q stomach / q appendix
q teeth / q pyloric sphincter / q large intestine (colon)
q salivary glands / q duodenum / q rectum
q pharynx / q liver / q anus
q epiglottis / q gall bladder / q pancreas
q esophagus
q Relate the following digestive enzymes to their glandular sources and describe the digestive reactions they promote:
q salivary amylase / q lipase / q nucleaseq pancreatic amylase / q peptidase / q maltase
q proteases (pepsin, trypsin)
q Describe the swallowing and peristalsis.
q Identify the components and describe the digestive actions of gastric, pancreatic, and intestinal juices.
q Identify the source gland for and describe the function of insulin.
q Explain the role of bile in the emulsification of fats.
q List 6 major functions of the liver.
q Demonstrate the correct use of the dissection microscope.
q Examine the small intestine and describe how it is specialized for digestion and absorption.
q Describe the function of E. coli in the colon.
Circulatory System –HEART STRUCTURE & FUNCTION, Circulation and Blood
q Identify and give functions for each of the following parts of a heart:
q left and right atria / q anterior and posterior vena cava / q chordae tendineaeq left and right ventricles / q pulmonary arteries and veins / q semi-lunar valves
q coronary arteries and veins / q pulmonary trunk / q septum
q atrioventricular valves / q aorta
q Describe the location and functions of the SA node, AV node, and Purkinje fibres.
q Describe the autonomic regulation of the heartbeat by the nervous system.
q Relate factors that affect and regulate blood pressure to hypertension and hypotension.
q Demonstrate the measurement of blood pressure.
q Distinguish between systolic and diastolic pressures.
q Identify and give functions for each of the following blood vessels:
q subclavian arteries and veins / q anterior and posterior vena cava / q renal arteries and veinsq jugular veins / q pulmonary veins and arteries / q iliac arteries and veins
q carotid arteries / q hepatic vein / q coronary arteries and veins
q mesenteric arteries / q hepatic portal vein / q aorta
q Distinguish between pulmonary and systemic circulation
q Identify and describe differences in structure and circulation between fetal and adult systems
q Demonstrate a knowledge of the path of a blood cell from the aorta through the body and back to the left ventricle.
q List the major components if plasma.
q Identify and give functions of lymph capillaries, veins, and nodes.
q Describe the shape, function, and origin of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.
q Demonstrate the correct use of the compound microscope.
q Explain the roles of antigens and antibodies
q Describe capillary-tissue fluid exchange.
Respiratory System
q Identify and give functions for each of the following parts of the respiratory system:
q larynx / q bronchioles / q pleural membranesq trachea / q alveoli / q thoracic cavity
q bronchi / q diaphragm and ribs
q Explain the roles of cilia and mucus in the respiratory tract
q Explain the relationship between the structure and function of alveoli.
q Compare and contrast the mechanics of the processes of inhalation and exhalation.
q Describe the interaction of the lungs, pleural membranes, ribs, and diaphragm in the breathing process.
q Explain the roles of carbon dioxide and hydrogen ions in stimulating the breathing centre in the medulla oblongata.
q Describe the exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen during internal and external respiration.
q Distinguish between the transport of CO2 and O2 in the blood by explaining the roles of oxyhemoglobin, carbaminohemoglobin, reduced hemoglobin, and bicarbonate ions.
Urinary System
q Identify and give functions for the following parts of the urinary system:
q kidney / q renal cortex / q urethraq ureter / q renal medulla / q urinary bladder
q renal pelvis
q Identify and give functions for each of the following parts of the kidney:
q nephron / q peritubular capillary network / q collecting ductq glomerulus / q proximal and distal convoluted tubules / q afferent and efferent arterioles
q Bowman's capsule / q loop of Henle
q Contrast the blood in the renal artery and the renal vein with respect to urea and glucose content.
q Identify the source glands for ADH and aldosterone and explain how these hormones are regulated.
q Relate ADH, aldosterone, and the nephron to the regulation of water and sodium levels in the blood.
Nervous system
q Identify and give functions for each off the following: dendrite, cell body, axon.
q Distinguish among sensory, motor, and interneurons with respect to structure and function.
q Explain the transmission of a nerve impulse through a neuron, using the following terms:
q resting and action potential / q recovery periodsq depolarization and repolarization / q threshold ("all-or-none response")
q sodium and potassium gates
q Relate the structure of a myelinated nerve fibre to the speed of impulse conduction.
q Identify the major components of a synapse.
q Explain the process by which impulses travel across a synapse.
q Demonstrate knowledge of how neurotransmitters are broken down in the synaptic cleft.
q Relate the structure of a reflex arc to how it functions.
q Contrast the locations and functions of the central and peripheral nervous systems.
q Differentiate between the functions of the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system.
q Identify the source gland for adrenalin and explain its role in the "fight or flight" response.
q Identify and give functions for each of the following parts of the brain:
q medulla oblongata / q cerebrum / q thalamusq cerebellum / q hypothalamus / q corpus callosum
q Explain how the hypothalamus and pituitary gland interact as the neuroendocrine control centre.
Reproductive System
q Identify and give functions for each of the following parts of the Male Reproductive system:
q testes (seminiferous tubules and interstitial cells) / q prostate gland / q penisq epididymis / q Cowper's glands / q urethra
q ductus (vas) deferens / q seminal vesicles
q Demonstrate a knowledge of the path of sperm from the seminiferous tubules to the urethral opening
q List the functions of seminal fluids
q Identify the tail, midpiece, head, and acrosome of a mature sperm and state their functions
q Describe the functions of testosterone
q Demonstrate a knowledge of the control of testosterone levels by the endocrine system
q Identify and give functions for each of the following parts of the Female Reproductive System:
q ovaries (follicles and corpus luteum) / q uterus / q cervixq oviducts (fallopian tubes) / q vagina / q clitoris
q Describe the functions of estrogen.
q Describe the sequence of events in the ovarian and uterine cycles.
q Demonstrate knowledge o the control of the ovarian and uterine cycles by hormones.
q Demonstrate knowledge of a positive feedback mechanism involving oxytocin,
q Describe the hormonal changes that occur as a result of implantation.