Winnebago
• Winnebago originally comes from a Fox word “Ouinipegouek” meaning “people of the stinking water”.
• The name was not meant as an insult. It refered to the algae rich waters (stinky fish smell in summer!) of the Fox River and Lake Winnebago where the tribe originated from.
• The Winnebago people were never 100% behind this name, they called themselves Hochungra, which means “people of the big speech”.
• The name refers to their roles as “grandfather” of other tribes.
Recently the name changed again to Hocak Nation, pronounced Hochunk
Location
• Winnebago homeland is the area between Green Bay and Lake Winnebago in northeast Wisconsin.
• The tribe expanded to occupy the area from Upper Michigan to present day Milwaukee, and west to the Mississippi.
Today most remaining tribe members live in Wisconsin or Nebraska
• During the 1870s and 80s, Many tribe members returned to Wisconsin.
• As a result, there are now two Winnebago tribes.
• The Nebraska Winnebago
– 27,500 acres
• The Wisconsin Winnebago
– 4,400 acres scattered across the state
Language
• Most tribal members speak English as a first language these days. Some elders still speak the native Ho-chunk language.
• "haho" (pronounced hah-hoh) is a friendly greeting
• "pinagigi" (pronounced pee-nah-gee-gee) means “thank you”
• Fringed buckskin clothing, accented with porcupine quills, feathers and beads
• The woodland people dressed in clothes made from the skin of animals. Deerskin was most commonly used. In hot weather, men wore breechcloths. When it got colder, they added deerskin shirts, leggings, moccasins and sometimes fur robes.
• Women wore wrap skirts, shirts, leggings and moccasins.
• Ho-chunk men wore a breechclout and leggings, and sometimes a shirt as well. Women wore a tunic-like deerskin dress. The Ho-chunks also wore moccasins on their feet. In cold weather, they wore buffalo robes. In colonial times, the Ho-chunks adapted European costume like cloth blouses and vests, decorating them with fancy beadwork and ribbon applique. Here is a webpage with pictures of Ho-chunk clothing, and here are some photographs and links about traditional Indian dress in general.
The Ho-chunks didn't wear long warbonnets like other Siouan tribes. Ho-chunk warriors usually wore a porcupine roach, sometimes with feathers attached to it. Neither men nor women cut their hair unless they were in mourning. Ho-chunk men usually wore two long braids, and Ho-chunk women wore one braid. The Ho-chunks often painted their faces and bodies, using different colors and designs for war paint, religious ceremonies, and festive decoration.
• Early transportation consisted of snowshoes, birchbark canoes and by foot.
• Diet consist of corn, beans, squash, deer, buffalo, small game and fish.
• Agriculturally based
• Beans, squash, and tobacco crops
Housing
• Birchbark homes were usually 8-10 feet tall, made of wooden frames and covered with woven mats.
• Teepees were about 12 feet high, and used during hunting seasons as they were east to move.
ROLES
• Men
• Hunters, Warriors , Storytellers, art & Music, Traditional Medicine
• Women
• Farmers, Child-rearing, Cooks, Storytellers, Art & Music, Traditional Medicine
Children
• Did many of the same things you do today, School, play and help around the house, Many would fish with their fathers.
• Cornhusk dolls were very popular with young girls & Winnebago boys enjoyed playing lacrosse
• The Winnebago women were known for their bead and quill work
• The Medicine Dance can take place only in summer, and the Winter Feast only in winter.
www.ho-chunknation.com
www.bigorrin.org/hochunk_kids.htm children
Mandan
• Mandan Indians are also known as “Numakiki” and “The Dirt People”
Location
• North Dakota on Fort Berthold Reservation today
• First villages occupied the valley of the upper Missouri River
• Lived along the Heart River a tributary of the Missouri before small pox epidemic
• 1804 along the Knife River
• In 1750 their village was at the heart of the Missouri river
• Today they live on the Fort Berthold Reservation
ROLES
• Women: responsible for farming, child care, and cooking
• Men: hunters, prepared for war, and were the chiefs
• Both men and women were storytellers, artists, musicians, and practiced traditional medicine
TRANSPORTATION
• Traveled by river in bowl-shaped rafts made out of willow rods and buffalo hide
• Used dogs to pull travois to carry their belongings on land
CRAFTS
• Famous for their bead work, pottery, and hide paintings
FOOD
• The Mandan tribe were farmers
• They raised crops of corn, beans, squash, and sun flowers
• Hunted deer, elk, antelopes, and seasonal buffalo
• From the river they ate catfish, sturgeon, turtles, and freshwater mussels
SHELTER
• Lived in rounded earth-lodges partially underground
• Clay covered log huts placed close together
• Spacious interiors
• Four strong pillars and cross beams support the roof
• Earthern houses are good for people who want permanent homes and live in an area that is not forested. (It's difficult work to excavate underground homes in areas with many tree roots!) Living partially underground has several benefits, especially in harsh climates-- the earth offers natural protection from wind and strong weather.
CLOTHING
• Mandan women wore long deer skin dresses, Men wore breech cloths with leather leggings and buckskin shirts, Moccasins on their feet, Buffalo robes in the winter, Wore face paint for ceremonies
• Mandan women wore long deerskin dresses. Mandan men wore breechcloths with leather leggings and buckskin shirts. The Mandans wore moccasins on their feet, and in cold weather, they wore long buffalo-hide robes. A Mandan warrior's shirt was fringed and covered with beadwork, porcupine quills, and feathers; a lady's dress was often decorated with elk's teeth and cowrie shells. Here is a site about the symbolism of Plains Indian war shirts, and some photos and links about Indian clothing in general.
• GAMES
Children played with dolls, toys and hoop games
• Fished and hunted
CEREMONY
• Ceremonies were held to make: Corn grow, bring buffalo to villages, success in warfare, and to cure
• Death ceremonies were held to bury the dead in scaffolds
APACHE
· The word Apache probably comes from "ápachu," the Zuñi name for the Navajo, which means "enemy," or possibly Awa'tehe, the Ute name for Apaches, which means "People of the Mountains."
Location
The Apache are natives of the Southwest desert. They lived around the four corners area and many still do.
Shelter
Most Apache people lived in wickiups, which are simple wooden frames covered by a matting of brush and sometimes a buffalo-hide tarp. Wickiups were small dwellings, often the size of a modern camp tent, and an Apache woman could build a new wickiup in two hours if there was enough brush available.
They often used teepees when the men went hunting .
Some of them also used earthen lodges like the Mandan.
Food
The Apache did not grow food. They were hunters and gatherers. They used bows and arrows to kill deer and rabbits and other game. The women gathered berries, nuts, corn, and other fruits and vegetables. Although they were not farmers, the Apaches still ate corn frequently. They got it by trading with the Pueblo tribes. They moved from place to place, in search of food. Buffalo were the primary animal hunted and provided for most of the daily needs for food, shelter, clothing and tools.
They really enjoyed honey and they would smoke out the bees. They also ate cactus fruit and the blossoms of the yucca plant and locust tree.
Clothing
Dress of the apache men was a deerskin shirt, leggings, and moccasins. They were never without a loin-cloth. A deerskin cap with attractive symbolic ornamentation was sometimes worn. The apache woman's clothing consisted of a short deerskin skirt and high boot top moccasins. After contact with the Spanish – they began wearing cotton shirts and pants, women’s dresses often had beaded decoration.
Family roles
Apache women were in charge of the home. Besides cooking and taking care of children, Apache women built new houses for their families every time the tribe moved their location. Girls learned to ride and shoot just like the boys did. Apache men were hunters, warriors, and political leaders. Both genders took part in storytelling, artwork and music, and traditional medicine.
Children often went fishing with their fathers, but they also had dolls, chores, and fun games to play like foot races and archery games.
Apache ceremonies are invariably called "dances." Among these are the rain dance, the sunrise dance for young women, a harvest and good crop dance, and a spirit dance.
The Tlingit
(pronounced "TLIN-git" or "KLIN-kit“)
n Low tide activity people”
n Thlane means ‘low tide’
n git means ‘human activity’
n Native name lingit, meaning “human”
n Lived in Longhouses – often containing up to 50 family members
n Hunters and gatherers
n Hunted
n seals, sea otters, porpoise, deer, mountain goats, sheep, and bear
n Trapped
n fur bearing animals
n Harvested and preserved
n berries, roots, shellfish, herring egg spawn, and seaweed
n Fished
n salmon, halibut and cod
n Rendered oil from seals, eulachon or candlefish
n Skilled boat builders, carvers, weavers, and traders
n Men
n Heavy work
n Provider of staple foods
n Fish, marine and land animals
n Built houses, canoes, and chests
n Carver and painter
n Made weapons and tools
n Women
n Gathered
n Berries, roots, plant stems, and crustaceans
n Housework
n Cared for children
n Trained girls
n Tanned and dressed pelts
n Made clothing, blankets, baskets, and nets